Thursday, December 26, 2019

A Lost City Found Among The Coral Reefs Of The Pacific

A lost city found among the coral reefs of the Pacific, Nan Mandol is now ruins adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei that once was the capital of the Saudeleur Dynasty until 1628 (Ayres et al. 1992). Recently, a research group from the Southern Methodist University led by Mark D. McCoy found the earliest direct evidence of monument building at Nan Madol (McCoy et al. 2016). This is a significant discovery that pushes back the initial age of dynasty in the Pacific over 100 years, and provides anthropologist a new way to study the evolution of society. Before this discovery, scientists had set the date for the first dynasty in the Pacific to around 1300 CE. McCoy et al. (2016) stated, â€Å"The earliest evidence of hierarchical†¦show more content†¦The age they established was 1180 CE, over 100 years earlier than was previously assumed. The reason for its enhanced effectiveness is based around measuring the basalt samples carbon 14 content, and comparing it with the carbon 14 activity in modern and background samples. â€Å"We report the earliest secure dates on the construction of monumental architecture in the remote islands of the Pacific located at the site of Nan Madol on Pohnpei Island in Eastern Micronesia. High-precision uranium series dating of coral from the tomb of the Saudeleur Dynasty indicate political control over the entire island was established by AD 1180–1200 (770–750 yr)† (McCoy et al. 2016). This evidence is a strong indicator that Nan Mandol has had significant influence on other communities within Eastern Micronesia due to its early establishment. According to Clark et al. (2007), evidence drawn from monumental architecture is one of the greatest indicators for prehistoric socio-political organization. Nan Mandol is therefore opening a door to study the establishment of kingdoms in the Pacific. The island of Pohnpei is important for two reasons: First its archaeology, second its geology. Fir st, the date of settlement for Pohnpei has been estimated at AD 1 (1950 cal yr BP) (Athens et al.1990). According to Hanlon et al. (1988),Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Issue in the Philippines2021 Words   |  9 Pagestyphoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands,deforestation,soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishingRead MoreEssay on Global Warming3370 Words   |  14 Pagescan aggravate allergies and respiratory illnesses. Rising temperatures across eastern U.S. will increase smog, illnesses, average ambient concentrations and the frequency of episodes of ozone pollution. Products of nature such as ice cores, coral reefs, ocean and lake sediments, and trees can offer valuable clues about changing climates in the ancient past. Modern instruments like satellites can provide knowledge about current activities affecting the earth’s land, oceans, and atmosphere. ScientistsRead MoreEssay on Climate Change and The Rise in Sea Level 2044 Words   |  9 Pagesyears. This change in temperature largely caused, according to the IPCC, by the release of GHGs through human activities. There are several effects associated to the change in global temperature, mainly affecting ecosystems and populations worldwide. Among these effects or consequences are sea-level rise, drought, floods, loss of mangroves, and the intensification of storms and climate processes such as El Nino and La Nina. Recent studies have focused on sea-level rise and the global effects. Over theRead MoreThe Battle of Midway2841 Words   |  12 Pagesbattle of World War II in the Pacific. Midway is nothing special—just a small string of islands six miles across built up to form coral—however its location and resources are important. If the United States of America had not been in possession of Midway, the Empire of Japan could have easily attacked Pearl Harbor, or possibly even the west coast of the United States. I believe the possession of the Island of Midway was a key ingredient to winning the war in the Pacific. Japan, which has almost noRead MoreThe Banyan Tree: Branding the Intangible5078 Words   |  21 Pagesretail galleries promoting traditional craft, Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts (BTHR) received its ï ¬ rst guest in 1994 in Phuket, Thailand. Since then, it had grown into a leading manager and developer of niche and premium resorts, hotels and spas in Asia Paciï ¬ c. Despite having minimal advertising, Banyan Tree achieved global exposure and a high level of brand awareness through the company’s public relations and global ma rketing programs. Much interest was also generated by the company’s socially responsibleRead MoreTaking a Look at Papua New Guinea3227 Words   |  13 PagesApproximately 100 miles (160km) north of Australia, situates the second largest island in the south pacific called Papua New Guinea; occupying the eastern half of the rugged tropical island of New Guinea and some 700 offshore islands. With its comparative area size slightly larger than California, Papua New Guinea is about 287,595 miles in total area, of which 281,394 miles is land and 6,201 miles is water and accumulative of 3,201 miles of coastline. The central part of the island is composed ofRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagesconclusion that global warming has stopped, or doesn’t exist, see Alden Griffith’s  has global warming stopped? (As an aside, those crying foul of global warming claims when going through extremely cold weather in Europe for example in 2010, later found their summers to be full of heat waves. The point here is that a specific short period such as a cold winter — or even a hot summer — is not proof alone that global warming has stopped (or increased); short term variability can mask longer term trendsRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation9511 Words   |  39 PagesIncreased population simply means increased water requirements on agricultural,industrial and domestic grounds.Agriculture will be the major demand for water resources because everybody need food to survive.In a survey in the united states it has been found out that lot of people have moved into urban areas from rural areas in the past twenty years,which brought demands of water to certain areas.In developing countries like India,China,Brazil people shifting to urban areas all of a sudden may cause overcrowdingRead MoreEssa y on A Better Earth4696 Words   |  19 PagesThe patients condition is serious. Symptoms are multiple. His health is noxious. He has a fever, higher than ever before. Efforts to bring it down are not working. Poison has been found in body fluids. When symptoms are treated in one area, more pop up in other areas. If this were a usual patient, doctors would be inclined to declare the multiple sicknesses as chronic and terminal. Not knowing what else to do, they would just take steps to make the patient as comfortable as possible until the endRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 Pagesbuilding of the churches for the Christianity purposes; Domestic Architecture which caused the evolution from bahay kubo to bahay na bato into the idea of Arquitecture Mestiza; and lastly, Civil Architecture which involves structures needed in running the city. Spanish Colonial Intent in Relation to Historical Events in Europe As most of the people know, the Spaniards’ goal was to conquer places or islands with rich in natural resources to add up to their territory and wealth. Expansion of territory can

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The 20th centurys 3 greatest composers Essay - 2358 Words

The 20th centurys 3 Greatest Composers The 20th century has watched many musicians break through their generations bounds of normalcy to creat a completely new music. Musicians who initiated revolutions so grandiose that the impact—like an earthquake’s aftershocks—would reverberate for decades and influence scores of musicians to come. Such influences can be traced back to three specific composers. Igor Stravinsky, Aaron Copland, and Nadia Boulanger: the triumvirate of 20th century music. Igor Stravinsky, remains the century’s most shocking and versatile composer. Born in Russia in 1882, Stravinsky enjoyed a musically wealthy childhood. He was the son of a famous opera singer and well-educated in piano performance and†¦show more content†¦The opening of Dance of the Adolescent Girls is a prime example of Stravinsky’s dizzying rhythmic trickery. Lower strings play an ostinato E major triad, while upper strings play a first inversion 7th chord on Eb. All instruments play 4 quarter notes per measure. However, Stravinsky’s placement of accents causes listeners to hear the notes in groups of 9, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, and 3 (Hanning 483-4). Such rhythmic manipulations were a very radical theory in Stravinskys day. Add to that the fact that this music was intended as dance accompaniment, and one can clearly see how Stravinsky broke the mold as a composer. Unfortunately, audiences were not always receptive to his efforts. During Rite’s May 28, 1913 evening premiere at Theatre des Champs-Elysees, the prelude’s opening measures â€Å"evoked derisive laughter† from the audience (Harrington). Composer, Camille Saint-Saens stormed out immediately, appalled by Stravinsky’s audacious writing for bassoon. Fights erupted between audience members. Stravinsky fled to the wings where choreographer, Nijinsky, frantically shouted counts to the dancers. The choreographer was so enraged, Stravinsky literally had to hold his shirt to prevent Nijinskys attacking of the irreverent crowd (Glass). Members of that evenings audience could hardly fathom the ballet would later be hailed as one of the centurys greatest works. Above image shows Stravinsky (left) posing with Nijinsky (right).Show MoreRelatedMaster Filmaker Akira Kurosawa1250 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence that very few directors can challenge. What seemed to most invigorate him were his plans for the next film. He also expected the same level of dedication and energy from his cast and crew. Kurosawa was a director to be compared to the greatest writers of any century, a true master of storytelling. Throughout Akiras career he pursued filmmaking in an exploratory manor. Using film techniques that were equally controlled and experimental. His use of slow motion photography during battleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages(electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction

Monday, December 9, 2019

eBay User free essay sample

The UPS guy is messing with me. He has driven by my house three times today and only five families live on my street. I am awaiting the arrival of a used Conn alto saxophone, my latest purchase made through eBay. The online, set-time auction site has been synonymous with online shopping since the â€Å"dot-com boom† of the mid-1990’s; but in recent years as the monsterously large site has been nudged out of the public spotlight by the emergence of copious competitors, I have still remained faithful to eBay. If you have ever used eBay, you know that you can buy just about anything. In a small town like mine, there are certain pleasures that cannot be bought nearby (like authentic Japanese Tron posters) or are difficult to find in stores (like stylophones or melodicas). In the way that the internet has made information exchange available despite geographic separation, eBay has made the purchase of items practical, collectable, or whimsical, possible to anybody with a PayPal account. We will write a custom essay sample on eBay User or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page eBay is my favorite site, and as a user since childhood, I can trace my life in an otherwise unseen way by tracing my bids, won or lost, on my account. I can justify any bid I have made, reliving my former interests as I review each item. As is true with any business, frequent users are encouraged to learn the tricks of the trade if they want to master the site, but in the process of proficiently learning the art of online auctioning, I have been able to pick up more than a few lessons that translate well to the real world. I have learned that there is a time and a place for everything, and while you might be ahead, it is important to stop and evaluate what it really means to you. If you are fighting over an impulse that is bringing you nothing but stress, remember there will always be another auction and while it might not be today, your moment will come. While it is always important to believe in yourself, there are times when it is important to know your limits as well as your strengths. If you know you can stay up until the last minute of an auction, more power to you, but if you are asking yourself if you could buy the same item hassel-free for the same price at a store, then you are probably in the wrong auction. Just as I have learned the importance of self-awareness, I have learned to know what to expect and to be prepared to live with the cards that I am dealt. My first purchase of Arrested Development DVD’s taught me that some people have different definitions of â€Å"very good condition.† My sega Genesis taught me that parts aren’t always included (specifically a controller or power supply). My Homer Simpson phone taught me that a package can only protect itself so much when it goes through eight UPS offices. Even now as I am awaiting a saxophone that was described as â€Å"slightly used,† I am prepared to take life as it unfolds and appreciate what I get, rather than resent what I do not. The truck is long gone and it looks like I am going another night sax-less, but you learn to be patient when you rely on a brown truck to deliver everything you buy. Besides, what do you expect when shipping and handling from Japan is only $15.60?

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Influence Of Writers On Charles Darwin Essays - Charles Darwin

The Influence Of Writers On Charles Darwin The theory of Evolution as presented by Charles Darwin has had a great impact on the world today. It has caused many debates between religious authorities and those from the scientific community. This theory had prompted individuals to think about themselves, their origins and it has changed the way in which they view themselves in the environment. However, Darwin was not the first person to write on evolution. There were many others before him such as Lamarck, Buffon, and Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin. However, what distinguishes Charles Darwin from the others is the fact that he collected and provided substantial proofs and he related various branches of science such as geology, botany and biology which helped validate his theories. His theory of natural selection as stated by Nelson and Jurmain (1991, p.606) in the modern form is that "the evolutionary factor causes changes in allele frequencies in populations due to differential net reproductive success of individuals." His grasp of the evolutionary process and the clarity of his work makes Charles Darwin the most popular figure in the scientific field of Evolution (Francoeur, 1965, p.34). Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the fourth child of Dr. Robert Darwin and grandson of Erasmus Darwin. Much of Charles' childhood was spent collecting insects, coins and reading various literature on natural history, travel and poetry. Charles Darwin was not a scholarly student during his years at Edinburgh Medical College. He disliked what was taught and found most of the lectures boring, yet he developed a natural interest in studying rocks and fossils. He convinced his father that he could not be a doctor as his father had wished, so instead Charles Darwin studied Theology at the University of Cambridge. After his studies he was given the opportunity to travel on the H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist. Darwin took this opportunity and it is this voyage that propelled him to begin his work on evolution. During his research, Darwin read several references which greatly influenced his own writings. Although there were many factors which affected Darwin's theories this paper will discuss how Darwin was influenced by the beliefs of William Paley, Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyell. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) was a well renowned doctor, poet and philosopher who wrote many books concerning nature. Among his works Zoonomia, a medical textbook, has received the most attention. In this work Erasmus Darwin expressed such ideas as "evolution by natural and sexual selection, protective adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics, and even the evolution of mankind" almost fifty years before Charles Darwin (Nelson Erasmus Darwin had said that all different living things were produced over millions of years by one original ancient parent, such that each offspring had a natural tendency to improve itself (Karp, 1968, p.14). However, fossil records show that this theory of one original parent was not probable (Karp, 1968, p.14). His opposition toward any form of organized religion and his rejection of Christianity was considered to be superficial and eccentric (Chancellor, 1973, p.21). His tendency to theorize and create wild speculations without testing his theories caused his reputation as a scientist to suffer. By the end of the 18th century all discussions of evolution were suppressed because of the rigid creationist views held by the Church who persecuted anyone who challenged their beliefs (Chancellor, 1973, p.41). It was not until the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species that the discussion of evolution was revived. Being well renowned, Erasmus' work was discussed in his family circle thus exposing Charles to the work of his grandfather early on in his life. Moreover, Charles Darwin having interest in poetry and philosophy was naturally inclined to study the work of his grandfather. Although Erasmus did not solve the problem of the process of evolution, the reading and exposure of his work made it easier for Charles Darwin to approach the topic and see it in a different perspective from Erasmus (Karp, 1968, p.17). In his early days at Cambridge University, Darwin was heavily interested in the works of William Paley (1743-1805) a famous theologist in his time. Paley's works which include Evidences of Christianity and Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy were required reading at the university. However, Darwin was most impressed by Natural Theology at the time. In this paper Paley examined the mechanism of the earth, its creatures, the complexity of their adaptations, their effective use of natural resources and their successful defence against nature. Paley also argued the inevitability of a Creator: "Design must have a designer. That designer must

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Discussion on Poppers and Sobers View of Simplicity Essays

Discussion on Poppers and Sobers View of Simplicity Essays Discussion on Poppers and Sobers View of Simplicity Essay Discussion on Poppers and Sobers View of Simplicity Essay Essay Topic: Discussion Poppers theory of simplicity is directly derived from his Falsification theory. To illustrate this we can say that; it is true that Popper decreed that the more falsifiable a theory was; the better the theory is, and the better it will be received. If this is true; it is then is stated that the degree that a theory is falsifiable should track the degree to which a theory is simple; so if this were to be true should then prefer the theories that are highly simple (and falsifiability). So if we were to place this Im a real life scientific setting we could say that; i) parrots are feathery or ii) all birds are feathery. Now according to Popper ii) would be a better theory in terms of falsifiability and in terms of simplicity, as; it is falsified by more types of findings, could be falsified by any sighting of a non feathery bird; and it is more simple as a parrot is less simple, as it is much more specific, than birds in general. In terms of the merits of Poppers theory, in a perfect Popperian world this theory of simplicity would make life for scientists quite easy as it is a part of his theory of falsification. Further more his description and application of simplicity makes a great deal of sense, in terms of relation to parts of falsification which are part of the modern scientific process, as complicated and convoluted are usually quite difficult to debunk (falsify). However, take this illustration of a mathematical equation representing a scientific theory, adapted from Post (1969); we have theory a), which represents a linear relationship: y = 1. 5 2x; whilst according to theory b) y = 1. 5 2x + 0. 32. Now according to Poppers falsifiability criteria of determining simplicity; the two theories of are equally as simple (since each can only be falsified by one occurrence). This leads to an automatic counter-intuitive result, which leaves the theory high and dry, as they are clearly not at the same level of simplicity. Sobers view on simplicity goes something like the following; instead of, unlike most who have tackled simplicity, relating simplicity to the correctness of a given theory, sober makes an attempt to relate simplicity to the informativeness of a theory. So what this essentially means for the premise of a simplicistic theory, is that simplicity should be concerned with how much information a theory or phenomena gives us in relation to how many laws, or premises, we begin with. To illustrate this better it may be more prudent to discuss Sobers theory in relation to inputs outputs; therefor simpler theories would produce more outputs in relation to the inputs. Furthermore, a more specific definition of Sobers argument is that the simplest theory may be the most informative one. Sobers theory, to me, is quite bold and, excuse the pun, a very simple way of determining the simplicity of a scientific theory. Unlike Popper and Quinean philosophy, Sober theory seems to give simplictity a greater level of importance, as science is all about gaining information which this theory draws it wisdom from. However, the theory runs into problems quite early on. One major problem concerning Sobers theory is that he tries to relate simplicity on a wider ontological level; which leaves me wondering; if we were use the theory that gives the most information, even if it was false, we would be in the position of having to accept it, and then gaining useless knowledge. If we were to assume that the problems that each theory faces never occurred, the theoretical virtue of Sobers simplicity, is that simplicity is directly influenced by the amount of information a theory has put into it, and outputted from it. Poppers theoretical virtue is the simplest theory is better, as a simple theory is easier to debunk and increases its falsifiability (as it doesnt possess any ad hoc escape routes). Personally I am more greatly drawn towards Sobers take on simplicity, as science is directly concern with the pursuit of knowledge, meaning that his criteria which determines whether a theory if simple or not is more logical. I feel that Popper, whilst does a good job of keeping the his theories in unity, necessarily approach the problem correctly whilst falsification seems to a vital piece of good scientific methodology, I cant quite see the connect between it and simplicity.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

How to Study for a Test the Night Before

How to Study for a Test the Night Before Youve procrastinated for who knows how long, and youre arriving at the point where, if you dont start studying now, youll go into the test with a head devoid of information. You probably know this already, but this happens to everyone. As long as you dont make a habit out of it, youre fine. Youll have a chance to reflect on what you did and why it was bad later on, now lets focus on getting you through the test with a passing grade. Get Your Space Ready If you can, go to a public space. Even though its been well-documented in the Internet that people can fall asleep pretty much anywhere, you should make sleeping an unappealing option by placing yourself as far away as possible from your bed. If you cant go to a cafe or library, make sure you make yourself as uncomfortable as possible to stave off sleep. Dont wear sweatpants, dont sit in a chair you can lay in, and stay as far away from pillows as possible. Clean your desk and use it. Get everything ready, including but not limited to: textbooks, notes, writing utensils, something to drink and something to snack on. Ideally, youll be sitting at this desk without getting up for awhile, so try and prepare everything beforehand. 50/10 You have to strike a balance between breaks and working, so set a timer for 50 minutes, and dont lift your head from that textbook before its up. As soon as times up, get up and move! Go to the bathroom, make some tea or just walk around for a bit to give yourself some energy. If youre using a computer, dont go on Facebook, Twitter or wherever else you prefer to waste time online. Youll no doubt end up in a content vortex and wont come out until an hour later. Theres no time to waste right now, so if youre using anything with a screen to study, just leave it for the duration of the break. Be Efficient When you have limited time to study, you cant afford to read all the chapters in-depth. If you encounter some information that you cant parse on your first read through and its not absolutely vital, it might be best to just move on. A lot of this process is basically going to be throwing information into your head, and hoping it sticks. Dont use a highlighter. All the highly relevant information is probably going to be bolded or highlighted in another way in your textbook. Highlighting is for when you need to find stuff in a wall of text for later use, and with the time constraints that youre under at most what you can hope is one thorough reading of the text. Yeah, it seems like some vague attempt at doing what students who dont need to cram do, but highlighters are not magical. After you finish each chapter, get a piece of paper and write down all the information that you think you will need when taking the test, in bullet point form, with headings and subheadings. This will do wonders for what information you retain, and youll quickly see what parts of the chapter youll need to revise to cover the gaps – if you have the time to do that, that is. Try these helpful memory improvement tecniques to memorize better! Go to Bed After youve done all your reading, drink a glass of water and head off for some sleep. Youll need at least a power nap before the exam, since coming in with your brain fried from all the information youve been cramming into it wont do any good. After waking up and getting ready, read through your notes. If you read the textbook, the stuff youve written down should bring up related information. See? Results! After its all over, take a look at how you got yourself in this situation. If you routinely have to cram for exams the night before, then its time to think about how you can reverse the habit. Resolve to always be on top of your reading and never turn in your homework late. Staying up all night to get a passing grade is a huge toll, and, in any case, barely passing every test you have shouldnt be the way you spend your time in college.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Pathology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathology - Essay Example Cirrhosis does not show any signs or symptoms in the earlier stages. The symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, itchy skin, jaundice, ascites, nausea, edema of lower limbs, weight loss and confusion. Once an individual shows such signs, it is important to have them tested or scanned to establish the problems with their liver (Healthcote, 2003). There are other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations so it is advised that one should have regular scans to avoid cases where cirrhosis could progress to lethal stages (Stephen, 2010). Cirrhosis is caused by the formation of tissues in the liver as the liver strains in its activities. In the process the liver gets injured and in its repairing mechanism there is the formation of scar fibrous material. The accumulation of the materials is what causes cirrhosis. Other factors that cause cirrhosis include hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, biliary atresia, galactosemia, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, primary, sclerosing cholangitis and schistosomiasis (The Mayo Clinic; Kushner and Edwards, 1993). Imaging through magnetic resonance elastography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are used to see the liver damage. The doctor also gets the patient’s history before administering a plan. Cirrhosis may be controlled by changing lifestyles for the alcohol takers. Hepatitis can be controlled and nutritional supplements can be used to prevent further damage (Stephen,

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Rape and sexual assault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rape and sexual assault - Essay Example In this paper I would like to examine what is actually meant by sexual assault. I will then study the statistics and finally the law that covers the sexual assault. The CCR website (1997) defines sexual assault as a physical or verbal act that threatens a person’s trust and safety and is sexual in nature. In a sexual assault the victims, either a girl or a boy, indulge into a sexual activity either forcefully or through deceit. Teenagers are more vulnerable to this act. This is the reason for which a number of cases related to adolescent molestation by a relative or a date make the headlines in the newspapers. Sexual assault often leads to other problems in teenagers as well which may include delinquent behavior, school problems, refusal to accept the authority and eating problems. Sexual assault by an acquaintance is the most common category of the assault. The acquaintance may be a close friend, a date, employer, colleague or a relative. In this category it is always the male who perpetrates the female. It is always the perpetrator, who is responsible for the act regardless of the fact what the victim was wearing or if she expressed her disapproval for the act or not. The CCR website (1997) puts 100% responsibility on the perpetrator. Rape is defined as an act of violence where sex is used as a weapon. In most of the cases the rapists fancy their own myths which they believe justify their act. Most of the rapists are of the view that if they spend money on a woman she becomes their rightful property. Others believe that women find it difficult to accept the offer for sex. Therefore they mean yes when they say no. Some others believe that women love to be aggressively pursued by the males (CCR website, 1997). The CA Code (n.d.) explains unlawful sexual intercourse as a sexual activity where the perpetrator indulges in sexual activity with a person other than the spouse and with a person less than eighteen years of

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Describe Romeo and Juliets love Essay Example for Free

Describe Romeo and Juliets love Essay Describe Romeo and Juliets love and the way it develops in the course of the play. (Look carefully at the language used and use short quotations to illustrate your answer. ) Shakespeare meant for his plays to be performed on a stage and not to be read, he was a very skilled play write and he made his audiences believe things that in reality could not happen in such a short space of time. Romeo and Juliets love for one another shows their disobedience towards their parents. The houses that the pair of star crossd lovers belong to are involved in an ancient feud. We are made aware of the feud before we even meet the lovers; it is the very first thing that the Chorus, who is a single person on the stage which Shakespeare and many other play writes used to calm down a disorderly audience and give background information on the play, says: Two households both alike in dignity In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Their love is ill-fated from the moment they first meet, at Capulets party, because of the dispute that has been going on for generations. When we first meet Romeo, his father Lord Montague describes Romeos melancholic mood, this fits exactly the contemporary ideas of lovesickness in Shakespeares time. Lord Montague and Benvolio contrast Romeos feelings for Rosaline and how they have changed his personality. We can see that Romeo is not himself as he says: Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, hes some other where. The many oxymorons, Romeo uses in his speech are meant to suggest his confused state of mind: Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep,Romeo sees Rosaline as the most beautiful woman on earth he matches her beauty to those of saints: When the devout religion of mine eye Maintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fire! It seems that Romeo is only in love with the idea of being in love. On our first meeting with Juliet her mother is calling her. She replies to her mother in a formal way: Madam, I am here. What is your will? She is modest, quiet and beautiful. Since she is from a powerful Verona family she is well dressed. When Lady Capulet suggests that the County Paris would make a good husband, Juliet responds:Ill look to like, if looking liking move. But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly. In the times when the play was written it was normal for parents to arrange who their daughter would marry. When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time his extravagant declarations of love for Rosaline vanish in a second. He now speaks with tenderness and plainness: Beauty to rich for use, for earth to dear! So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady oer her fellows shows. In the last line of his speech, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. What Romeo says, is that what he said earlier in the play was silly and wrong. Ironically, when Benvolio was persuading Romeo to go to the party he told him he would soon forget Rosaline and this is just what happened. Romeo anticipates the line of approach he will take during the dance by saying that her touch will bless his hand. It was believed at this time that true love always struck at first sight; love that grew gradually was no love at all. This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand. This is a quick-witted bout of flirtation in which both sides are equally smitten, as is made clear by what follows, but in which Juliet plays the proper young girls role of cutting up Romeos lines as fast as he can think them up. Saints do not move, but grant for prayers sake. Then have my lips the sin that they have took. and You kiss by the book. This shows Juliet to be much wittier than a typical 13 year old girl. This flirtatious fourteen-line passage is actually a sonnet; it was popular in the sixteenth century and generally regarded as the proper means for love poetry. Juliet manages to tease Romeo slightly in the earnest gesture of the devotion that they declare: For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, and Ay, pilgrim, lips that they use in prayer. Juliet is encouraging Romeo to kiss her in a subtle way. She takes early charge of the relationship. Romeos love for Juliet is unmistakably passionate, which an Elizabethan audience would have loved. He uses a lot of effective imagery. For example the image of the sun: It is the east, and Juliet the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Romeo is putting Juliet on a higher pedestal, saying she is a higher being, he is also referring to the brightness of her beauty, and that she brings light into his world of darkness. In calling for the triumph of the sun over the moon, Romeo is hoping she will not remain a virgin much longer. Women who prolonged their virginity excessively were thought to suffer from green-sickness, a problem that could only be cured by healthy lovemaking. The entire opening soliloquy to this scene is devoted to Romeos fevered desire that Juliet will make love with him. Despite his passion, he is shy enough, and polite enough, not to simply burst in upon her. It is the tension between his overwhelming desire and his reserve that shows how much he truly loves her. The comparison of a womans eyes to bright stars was a usual thing, but Romeo elaborates it in a dazzling series of lines dwelling on the brightness of Juliets beauty: The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars As daylight doth a lamp. Her eyes in heaven Romeo is impetuous, impulsive and has his head in the clouds; he uses phrases of elaborate description. Whereas Juliet is down-to-earth, practical, natural and spontaneous by her speech we can tell that it is her first experience of love and that she is young and because of the language she uses that Romeo excites her. It is Juliet who is thinking through the consequences of their love more systematically and practically than is Romeo. She almost immediately speaks of the death that threatens him: And the place of death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here Romeo replies that love cannot be held out by stony limits. Romeo believes that love has directed him to Juliet. From the beginning their dialogue is riddled with reference to death. This is dramatically ironic because the chorus already told the audience that they will die because of their love. When Romeo says: Alack, there lies more peril in thine eyes; And thou but love me, let them find me here He is using conventional and courtly language, which goes back centuries. Juliets long speech makes clear that she is still an honourable young woman who wishes her love had not been so promptly revealed; but now that it has been, she does not intend to look backward. She indirectly refers that Jove laughs at the oaths of lovers. Just as Romeo had scorned the moon for its virginity, Juliet rejects it as too variable: O swear not by the moon, th inconstant moon, That monthly changes in her circled orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Juliet is honest. She feels that she has been too easily won by Romeo: Or if thou thinkst I am too quickly won, Ill frown and be perverse and say thee nay, So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. Again Juliet allows herself to flirt with oath in calling Romeo her God. Romeo insists that he will love Juliet faithfully. Having proclaimed her love once, the basis of Juliets expression is unstopped, and she becomes the dominant figure in the rest of the scene. This young pair know very little about each other except that they are extremely attractive and witty. Juliets has split moods in this scene one is lead by her head and one by her heart. Her head is her practical side; her heart is spontaneous and excited. Falconry was a popular sport in Elizabethan England. Juliet is comparing Romeo to a falcon, and what she would like is for Romeo to be her falcon, she likes the idea of being able to call him back to her hand whenever she needs him: Hist! Romeo, hist! O for a falconers voice, To lure this tassel-gentle back again! When Romeo asked the Friar to marry Juliet and himself, the Friar agreed only because he is hoping that the marriage of Romeo and Juliet will put an end to feud between the houses of Montague and Capulet. From the text we can tell that Friar Laurence is Romeos confident, a father-figure. Children in the 14th/15th Centuries who had important parents didnt have the same relationship as children today have with their parents. This is why Juliet confides in her nurse and Romeo in Friar Laurence. The last line in Act two Scene one, Friar Laurence is saying to Romeo that he should take it slow because those that go to fast will stumble later on: Wisely and slow: they stumble that run fast. In the marriage scene it is Friar Laurence who is thinking ahead, he says: So smile the heavens upon this holy act, That after hours with sorrow chide us not! Romeo, lives only in the present, and says so: Amen, amen! But come what sorrow can, It cannot countervail the exchange of joy That one short minute gives me in her sight. In his view, the joy of a minute with Juliet will be greater than all the possible sorrow of any later hours. Romeo adds that he is ready to face the greatest sorrow of all: Do thou but close our hands with holy words, Then love-devouring death do what he dare; It is enough I may but call her mine. These exulting words foreshadow what actually happens; love-devouring death makes its first appearance shortly after the wedding. The Friar understands that Romeo thinks love will make him bullet-proof, and tries to talk some sense into him: These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. On their wedding night Friar Laurence anticipates that they will consume each other (consummate their marriage). Just like the nurse anticipates for Juliet. The Friar says that the ecstasies of love cant last forever. The sweetest honey Is loathsome in his own deliciousness, And in the taste confounds the appetite: In other words, too much honey can ruin its taste. The Friar concludes his little talk by advising Romeo to love moderately as, Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow. Juliet reveals her innermost feelings in her soliloquy. She is apprehensive and excited: she makes a reference to the classical god Phoebus Apollo: Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, Towards Phoebus lodging; such a waggoner. Juliet uses a lot of phrases that make her seem impatient like, Gallop, leap and fiery-footed steeds. Juliet is nervous about what is going to happen when Romeo arrives. She extends the falcon image: Hood my unmannd blood, bating in my cheeks, With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold, She gives the impression that she is worried about her body and that she will not fulfil Romeos needs. The repetitive use of the word come refers to her impatience for Romeo to arrive quickly to her. Most of the soliloquy is of a sexual nature but some of it is not, for example: Give me my Romeo. And when I shall die Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the faces of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, This is extremely romantic. It also refers to death. When the nurse tells Juliet that Romeo has killed Tybalt, Juliet uses oxymorons, these show that she is confused, beautiful tyrant and fiend angelical. However, when the nurse starts to criticise Romeo, Juliet cuts off the nurse and defends him, Blisterd be thy tongue. Juliet implies that banishment is worse than death. She seems more mature and her practical side is seen especially when she says: My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain; And Tybalts dead, that would have slain my husband: Romeo uses direct and romantic speech that shows his sincere and loving feelings; It was the lark, the herald of the morn, No nightingale. Look, love, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east. Nights candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. I must be gone and live, or stay and die. This shows that he is mature; much more than Juliet earlier in the play. Their mature dreamy roles are swapped. Romeo reassures Juliet that they will be together again: I doubt it not; and all these woes shall serve For sweet discourses in our time to come. Juliets reply to this phrase is: O God! I have an ill-divining soul: Methinks I see thee, now art so low, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb: Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale. This is dramatic irony because when Juliet wakes up from the potion she does see Romeo on the floor of the tomb. Juliet seeks the help of Friar Laurence because she has been abandoned by her parents and her nurse, the one person she is closest to, except for Romeo but it seems that he too has deserted her. She feels suicidal when she talks to Friar Laurence; she would rather die than marry the County Paris. When Friar Laurence suggests that she takes the potion she appears to be relieved. Though out the scene she is very courageous. The soliloquy dwells on her fear of the vault; it enlarges what she had already said to Friar Laurence. The speech confirms that the vault is connected with the catastrophic climax of the play. She is determined to kill her self in the potion does not put her in a slight coma: What if this mixture do not work at all? Shall I be married than tomorrow morning? No, no; this shall forbid it: lie thou there. She fears it could be poison and she then contradicts that statement in the next one. She feels that she may go mad in the tomb if Romeo is not there when she wakes, the horror of these images make her go mad. In the end she takes the potion for Romeos sake: Romeo, Romeo, Romeo! Heres drink I drink to thee! Romeos speech before taking the poison is direct and simple poetry. He is still referring to Juliet as light. In the speech Romeo personifies death and accuses death of trying to keep Juliet beautiful so that death can use her for his pleasure: That unsubstantial death is amorous, And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in the dark to be his paramour? He uses grotesque metaphors and similes. He appears to be preparing himself for death. A dateless bargain to engrossing death! He is trying to prolong the moment. His love for Juliet is obvious at this point in the play; he drinks the poison for Juliet, Heres to my love! all he wants is to be with Juliet and if they cant be together in life then the must be in death. As a result of the lovers deaths the families are brought together. Prince Escalus makes sure that the blame is shared; he makes that very clear: Where be these enemies? Capulet! Montague! See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love; And I, for winking at your discords too, Have lost a brace of kinsmen. All are punished. The prince is also blaming himself; he knows that all had a part to play is Romeo and Juliets deaths, and this is why it is such a tragic ending which is written in a very expert way.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Nickel Essay -- essays research papers

Nickel is one of the most important elements on the periodic table. It has plenty of history, as well as a huge importance to society. Its has unique chemical, physical, and geological properties. Nickel is used commercially in abundance, as it is used anywhere from simple art products such as ceramics to complex structures such as tubing for desalination plants. It is even used in the American five-cent coin, the "nickel".Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, in Sweden, during the year 1751. Mr. Cronstedt discovered nickel in a mineral called niccolite. He originally planned to extract copper from this new mineral but got none at all. This is why nickel, at first, was called "false copper". Instead, Cronstedt got a silvery-white metal, which was eventually used for other things. The origin of the name "nickel" is a derivative from the German word "kupfernickel", meaning "Devil's Copper" or "St. Nicholas's Copper".The chemical properties of nickel are as follows: Nickel has the atomic number of twenty-eight. The atomic symbol of nickel, "Ni". It has the atomic weight (mass) of 58.70, to be exact, 58.693. It occurs in five stable isotopes. Physically, nickel is a lustrous silvery-white and takes on a hard polish. It is a hard metal, malleable, ductile, and slightly ferromagnetic. Its melting point is at 2651 degrees F, and its boiling point is at 5275 degrees F. Also, nickel is a fairly goo...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Goodwill Stores: A Business Case

The circumstance given depicts how important cash discounts are when looked into in real life. The latter compels debtors to pay on time their liabilities and when they do so, gaining deductions on their payables to one or several persons (their creditors). Accordingly, it also showcases some alternation of standards as businesspersons become more aware on how to manage or manipulate the said deductions. Like in the given situation wherein the cash discounts were still recorded though paid after the discount period where the business blamed the mail room or the post office for the delay (using the long process the reason of default of payment). Most likely, in that given case, only a few portion of the cash discount will be exhausted against complaint which, I think, is an advantage to the creditor (from 4% cash discount to 3% because of delay) since that does not completely exhaust the entirety of cash discount. Moreover, debtors often recognize and accept that cause making the full payment still fall on the discount period though was really paid beyond it. So the firm, instead of paying their debts on proper time (w/ discount), extends their actual payment on it using the money to some more transactions that involves credit terms or agreement. Ulysses, being a new employee of the company, would merely adhere or hold on into that â€Å"special norm† discussed to him by Lavares; that norm that exempts some of our deemed knowledge pertaining a particular business concept. Most firms, especially the low earning one, will most likely be induced by such having their reason â€Å"Other businesses do it anyway† (Peer pressure) and the thinking that it is so possible and somehow licit. Given these beneficial advantages doing such, it is still best to comply with things in good faith or on what is right (payment on the proper discount period). By that, at least, he would assure that he will not have a hard time when sleeping at night. Discussion 1. What are the ethical considerations in this case? Again, it is still best for debtors to pay their debts within the proper discount period (safety of self and of business). Taking into account these â€Å"ethical considerations† that must be observed or else the firm will suffer their corresponding consequences, we may assert to the potential-onerous nature that incompliance of debtor may bestow. Given the fact that creditors may demand for disclosure on certain parts of his debtor’s record, the latter should at least be prepared and has a good reason out of that, should be able to expound something important on it (allowing the cash discount), and maybe present tangible proofs that is suitable and reasonable or else he would suffer the thing plus damages. Given the rights in fully examining the record (by looking into the ledger account of cash to check if the debtor really paid within the discount period), the creditor may know if the debtor truly paid on that day or not. Another point here will be the need of creditors of money on the last date of discount period. Since no money was received by him, it is apparent that he somehow suffered something (for instance he also has a debt to someone). And the proper or just remedy for that will be the cancellation also of the cash discount he provided his debtors (those who pay beyond the discount period and continue to blame the post office, etc to sustain the cash discount). The problem in those considerations is that only a few applies it. They just keep everything, the operations, fast and in line with their competitors and clients’ needs without concern to the fundamental principles they should be applying (knowing only is insignificant). 2. Who are the stakeholders that are harmed or benefited in this situation? Debtors, given the latter, should also keep in mind that the in time when they are now in the position of a creditor allotting cash discounts, there is a great possibility of them encountering such that would also delay the proper date of payment yet still acquire the cash discount through excuses and reasons. Here, it would be prejudice if the creditor would not allow such because he himself actually did the same in time he was a debtor. This implies the practicality today that most would consider or acknowledge cash discounts even if they are paid a bit late, depending on the situation. Again, the essence of entice is here that forces creditors to condone not-on-time payments. Having that context, we may arrive or be aware that there are persons benefiting and not benefiting from it. Those who benefit from it in general would be the debtors. They are the persons pardoned from the delay in payment or just suffer a small reduction in the discount rate agreed. Another benefit out of that would be the idea that they could stimulate more the inflows and outflows of the firm’s money. Those merchandising firms that issue charge sales invoice in most of his transactions often benefit from these (large receivables all subject to cash discount). Accordingly, creditors are persons harmed out of it. Harm here would depend on the need of creditor for money because again, there are cases where payment to one is depended upon the payment of another. If the creditor was not able to pay his creditor and get the discount amount because of no payment of his debtor, the best remedy would also be the cancellation of the latter’s right to cash discount. Having all that, we may deem that those who are new to these kinds of things and ideas would most likely be harmed. 3. Should Ulysses continue the practice started by Philmon? Does he have any choice? In the beginning, yes, he should continue the practice started by Philmon. He must, at first, look and understand more the situation the firm is confronting and all of the matters in it with regard to the department he was placed in. In time he already knows all of the business’ complexities and such; he may now start to consider himself worthy and commence to petition for amendment or proposition of things and ideas (innovation) in accordance to what he deems more appropriate and more ethical relying on his substantial knowledge about the matter and to somewhat make it correspond more with the ethical considerations discussed earlier. Looking at the choices he has given this situation, I think he has many. If he often feels insecure working on such idea that it may be licit or not, he would not be able to perform well his job on the firm and would preferably be placed in another firm that usually just do the same thing. Given that reality, it is still best just to go on with it and slowly make the things better via recommendations, proposals, etc. Recommendation First would be for the firm to withdraw and dispose all its late payments and pay them instead on time. Then focus on things the business could lend or give credit to (maximizing the opportunity to supply loan). So in the right time, they would start getting their desired money on hand sufficient to cover what they will provide their debtors. Aside from security, doing such may give a good psychological effect to workers like Ulysses who engages in preparing and dating of checks. Having such in place of work, the continuous essence of motivation will more likely be observed and raised leading operations in a more productive form. Additionally, innovations, leadership, teamwork, and the like would also rise.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Chapter 2 Thesis Enrolment System

Notes on Philippine pre-colonial literature Notes and anecdotes on Philippine pre-colonial literature, mostly taken from my Filipino 14 class under Mr. Popa. The pre-colonial period in the Philippines is the longest chapter in the country's history. Yet it is also the darkest chapter in history, with very few records extant. The lack of knowledge concerning the period stems from the lack of resources concerning this era, brought on by the perishability of the items produced during those times.Having a strong affinity with nature, the early Filipino communities produced items molded from the raw materials in the region, mostly from plants and trees. Another reason was the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The Catholic friars who were tasked with converting the â€Å"uncivilized† natives demonized the pre-colonial culture, seeing the beliefs of that era as a threat to their mission to spread Christianity in the land. Only a few manuscripts still survive to this day, mostl y done by Spanish priests who had immersed themselves in the community in an attempt to decipher their ways.One of the most important was the Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Juan de Noceda and Fr. Pedro San Lucar (1734), an anthology of early oral lore that preserved many examples of pre-colonial literature. However, despite the Spanish teachings, Philippine pre-colonial culture was not as barbaric as it had been made out to be. The presence of a bustling trade economy with Chinese and Muslim merchants existed long before the landing of the Spaniards. The oral literature in existence during that time also displayed a sense of sophistication beyond that of simple barbaric cultures.Anitism, a term coined by Stephen Hislop, refers to the religion prevalent in the religion at that time. The early Filipinos believed in the presence of  anitos, primordial forces of nature that could accompany or possess people. Filipinos also held the principle of  loob  with great importance . Loosely translated,  loobmeans inside. Loob  is also a vague reference to the soul. An attempt to explain  loob  may proceed as follows. The concept of  loob  can, first and foremost, be related to the concept of a soul. It is something that resides within the person.However, it is not corporeal, or as specific as a soul; it is a vital part of the person but not the person in his/her entirety. Loobis also related to space and trust; with the phrase  malapit ang loob ko sa iyo  (malapitmeaning near) referring to a person's high trust level with the other. Loob  is also a personal space, something sacred to the person that belongs to him alone. The Filipinos were also well-endowed in the area of literature. A long-standing oral tradition that still survives in remnants to this day traces its roots to the pre-colonial period. Philippine literature employed everyday language, and was a communal activity.As such, the social relevance of literature during that time was very important. Themes included the daily routines of the community, living in accordance with nature and living within the community. Literature was the primary expression of the community's experiences, beliefs and emotions. Filipino pre-colonial literature followed certain conventions. Due to its oral nature, most stories had a formulaic method of construction. This was reinforced by the duty of literature as a reflection of the communal belief and experience; the repetition of themes highlighted the prevalent qualities of the region's culture, and identity was thus embodied.The oral tradition also refined the structure of pre-colonial literature, employing the use of rhythm and rhyme to great effect. Rhythm and rhyme distinguished literary pieces from normal conversation while employing the familiar everyday language that everyone in the community understood. These devices also made the pieces easier to remember and retell, while allowing the storyteller to associate the rise a nd fall of tone with the appropriate portions of the story.Philippine literature possesses a deep level of sophistication, seen in the organic unity of language, theme and relevance within each piece. The use of common language did not prevent the pieces from obtaining a touch of elegance that set it apart, a testament to the literary ability of the pre-colonial culture. Literature was a vital tool for community cohesiveness, rooted in the foundations of language as a tool for survival. Banding together to overcome the dangers of the wild, literature took on communal themes that promoted a sense of togetherness throughout the locals.Literature also reflected the affinity of pre-colonial Fipinos with nature, with the use of colorful metaphors and vivid backgrounds to enhance the story and express their appreciation of nature itself. Literature is such an integral part of pre-colonial Philippine culture that it was one of the methods employed by the Spanish in order to convert the Fil ipinos towards Christianity. However, the Filipinos were intensely critical of these Spanish pieces, largely due to their inability to relate them to their communal beliefs.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

What You Can Learn From the FHLC

What You Can Learn From the FHLC The Family History Library Catalog, the gem of the Family History Library, describes over 2 million rolls of microfilm and hundreds of thousands of books and maps. It does not contain the actual records, however, only descriptions of them - but is an important step in the digital genealogy process for learning about what records might be available for your area of interest. The records described in the Family History Library Catalog (FHLC) come from throughout the world. This catalog is also available on CD and microfiche at the Family History Library and at local Family History Centers, but to have it available for searching online is of amazing benefit. You can do much of your research from home at whatever time is convenient and, therefore, maximize your research time at your local Family History Center (FHC). To access the online version of the Family History Library Catalog go to the Familysearch homepage (www.familysearch.org) and select Library Catalog from the Library navigation tab at the top of the page. Here you are presented with the following options: Place Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about a place or for records from a place.Surname Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that include a specific surname, such as written family histories.Keyword Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that contain a certain word or phrase. You can use this to search for keywords in titles, authors, places, series, and subjects.Title Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that contain a certain word or combination of words in the title.Film/Fiche Search - Use a Film/Fiche Search to find the titles of items on a specific microfilm or microfiche in the Family History Library Catalog.Author Search - Use an Author Search to find the Author Details record for a person, church, society, government agency, and so forth identified as an author of a specific reference. The Author Details record lists titles linked to the author and may include notes and references.Cal l Number Search - Use a Call Number Search to find an item by its call number (the number used to locate items on the shelves in the Family History Library or the FamilySearch Center). Lets start with the place search, as this is the one that we find the most useful. The place search screen contains two boxes: PlacePart of (optional) In the first box, type the place you want to find entries for. We  would suggest that you start your search with a very specific place name, such as a city, town or county. The Family History Library contains a huge amount of information and if you search on something broad (such as a country) you will end up with too many results to wade through. The second field is optional. Since many places have the same names, you can limit your search by adding a jurisdiction (a larger geographic area that includes your search location) of the place you want to find. For example, you can add the state name in the second box after entering a county name in the first box. If you do not know the name of the jurisdiction, then just search on the location name itself. The catalog will return a list of all jurisdictions which contain that particular place name and you can then select the one which best meets your expectations. Place Search Tips Keep in mind while searching, that the names of the countries in the FHL catalog are in English, but the names of the states, provinces, regions, cities, towns and other jurisdictions are in the language of the country in which they are located. Place Search will only find the information if it is part of the place-name. For example, if we  searched for North Carolina in the above example, our results list would show places named North Carolina (there is only one - the U.S. State of N.C.), but it would not list places in North Carolina. To see places that are part of North Carolina, select View Related Places. The next screen would display all counties in North Carolina. To see the towns in one of the counties, you would click on the county, then click View Related Places again. The more specific you make your search, the shorter your lists of results will be. If you have trouble finding a specific location, dont just conclude that the catalog does not have records for that place. There are many reasons why you may be having difficulties. Before you give up your search, be sure to try the following strategies: Be sure you typed the place-name correctly.If you qualified your search with another jurisdiction, try the search again without this qualification.Search for records using a larger jurisdiction. For example, if you cannot find records for a town, search for county records. Once you locate the place for which you are looking, you will be presented with a list of places. If you qualified your search with another jurisdiction, the list should be short. If you did not qualify your search, the list may be long. If the list shows the place you want, click on the place-name to see the Place Details record. This records usually contain the following items: View Related Places  - Clicking on this button will give you a list of other places you might be interested in.Notes  - A few historical facts and details about the placeTopics  - A list of topics for which records are available that relate to the place that you are looking for. This list might include such topics as: biographies, cemeteries, census records, church records, guardianship records, history, land and property records, maps, military history, tax records, vital records, voting records, etc. To best explain what is available in the Family History Library Catalog, it is easiest to take you step-by-step through a search. Begin by doing a  place search  for Edgecombe. The only result will be for Edgecombe County, North Carolina - so next select this option. From the list of available topics for Edgecombe County, North Carolina, we are  first going to select Bible Records, as this is the first source which the Catalog Helper suggested for information on our great, great grandmothers maiden name. The next screen which comes up lists the titles and authors available for the topic which we selected. In our case, there is only one Bible Record entry listed. Topic: North Carolina, Edgecombe - Bible recordsTitles:  Bible records of early Edgecombe Williams, Ruth Smith Click on one of your result titles to learn more information. Now you are given the complete catalog entry of the title you selected. [blockquote shadeyes]Title:  Bible records of early EdgecombeStmnt.Resp.:  by Ruth Smith Williams and Margarette Glenn GriffinAuthors:  Williams, Ruth Smith (Main Author) Griffin, Margarette Glenn (Added Author)Notes:  Includes index.Subjects:  North Carolina, Edgecombe - Vital records North Carolina, Edgecombe - Bible recordsFormat:  Books/Monographs (On Fiche)Language:  EnglishPublication:  Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992Physical:  5 microfiche reels; 11 x 15 cm. If this title has been microfilmed, the View Film Notes button appears. Click on it to see a description of the microfilm(s) or microfiche and to obtain microfilm or microfiche numbers for ordering the film through your local Family History Center. Most items can be ordered for viewing at your local Family History Center, though a few cannot due to licensing regulations. Before ordering microfilms or microfiche, please check the Notes field for your title. Any restrictions on the use of the item will be mentioned there. [blockquote shadeyes]  Title:  Bible records of early EdgecombeAuthors:  Williams, Ruth Smith (Main Author) Griffin, Margarette Glenn (Added Author)Note:  Bible records of early EdgecombeLocation:  Film FHL US/CAN Fiche 6100369 Congratulations! Youve found it. The FHL US/CAN Fiche number in the lower right-hand corner is the number which you will need to order this film from your local family history center. Place search is probably the most useful search for the FHLC, as the librarys collection is primarily organized by location. There are several other search options open to you, however. Each of these searches has a specific purpose for which it is very useful. The searches do not allow wildcard characters (*), but do allow you to type in only part of a search term (i.e. Cri for Crisp): Surname Search A surname search is primarily used to find published family histories. It will not find surnames listed in individual microfilm records such as census records. A surname search will provide you with a list of titles of catalog entries tied to surnames that match your search and the main author for each title. Some of the published family histories are only available in book form and have not been microfilmed. Books listed in the Family History Library Catalog cannot be sent to Family History Centers. You can request that a book is microfilmed, however (ask a staff member at your FHC for help), but this may take several months if the library has to obtain copyright permission to do so. It may be faster to try to obtain the book elsewhere, such as a public library or from the publisher. Author Search This search is primarily used to find catalog entries by or about a certain person, organization, church, etc. The author search finds records which include the name you typed as the author or the subject, so it is especially useful for finding biographies and autobiographies. If you are looking for a person, type the surname in the Surname or Corporate Name box. Unless you have a very rare surname, we would also type all or part of the first name in the First Name box to help limit your search. If you are looking for an organization, type all or part of the name into the Surname or Corporate box. Film/Fiche Search Use this search to find the titles of items on a specific microfilm or microfiche. It is a very exact search and will only return the titles on the particular microfilm or microfiche number that you input. The results will include an item summary and the author for each item on the microfilm. The Film Notes may contain a more detailed description of what is on the microfilm or microfiche. To view this additional information, select the title and then click on View Film Notes. Film/Fiche search is especially useful for finding the records available on a film/fiche which is listed as a reference in Ancestral File or the IGI. We also use the film/fiche search to look for additional background on any film we plan to order because sometimes the film/fiche search will include references to other relevant microfilm numbers. Call Number Search Use this search if you know the call number of a book or other printed source (maps, periodicals, etc.) and want to learn more about what records it contains. On a book’s label, call numbers are usually printed on two or more lines. To include both lines of the call number in your search, type in the information from the top line, then a space, and then the information from the bottom line. Unlike other searches, this one is case-sensitive, so be sure to type in upper and lower case letters where appropriate. Call number search is probably the least used of all of the searches, but can still be very useful in cases where people list an item and its call number as a reference source without any indication to the information which it contains. The online Family History Library Catalog is a window to the two million plus records (print and microfilm) which the Family History Library maintains in its collection. For those of us around the world who cant easily make it to Salt Lake City, UT, it is absolutely invaluable both as an avenue for research and as a learning tool. Practice using the different searches and play around with different techniques and you may find yourself amazed at the things you find.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

MLA Referencing †Citing Ebooks

MLA Referencing – Citing Ebooks MLA Referencing – Citing Ebooks The days when â€Å"book† immediately implied a physical, papery object are now behind us. Many students, for example, now use ebooks in research. After all, they’re easy to access, and you can carry around an entire library without suffering any risk of a broken back! Once upon a time, it would have taken an entire building to store all the books on here. But referencing ebooks in MLA can be complicated, since it depends on whether you’re talking about an ebook accessed via an e-reader or found online. In this post, we look at how to do both. In-Text Citations Thankfully, the actual citations for an ebook are the same no matter where you found it, requiring only that you give the author’s surname and the page number(s) of the section being cited: The rise of the ebook has resulted in an increase in self-published works (Falco 44). Of course, not all ebooks feature page numbers. In such cases, you can use a chapter, section and/or paragraph number instead: Falco claims that self-published writing often â€Å"suffers from a lack of editing† (ch. 4, par. 2). However, this only applies when the book contains chapter and/or paragraph numbers. If none are available, simply leave them out of citations. (Ebooks Accessed Via an e-Reader) When an ebook is only accessible via an e-reader or software on your computer, MLA referencing treats it as a specific edition of a print book. As such, the format to use in the â€Å"† list is as follows: Author Surname, First Name. Title. Ebook. Publisher, year of publication. In practice, a full reference for an ebook would look something like this: Falco, Andrew. The Death of Print. Ebook. PMP Publications, 2013. While â€Å"ebook† is acceptable if the source isn’t in a specific format, usually you’ll want to include more detail about the version consulted here. You should also include any other information about the edition here. For example, the second edition of the Kindle version of a book would be listed as: Falco, Andrew. The Death of Print. 2nd ed., Kindle. PMP Publications, 2015. (Ebooks Accessed Online) For online editions of a book (i.e., books accessible via the internet rather than an e-reader), the format is a little different. The key thing to remember is that references for online books require a database and DOI or URL through which they can be accessed: Author Surname, First Name. Title. Publisher, year of publication. Database, DOI/URL. As such, the reference for an online book would be more like the following: Morris, William. The Art of Printing. H. M. O’Kane, 1902. Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/files/31596/31596-h/31596-h.htm. But will ebooks ever be this pretty?

Sunday, November 3, 2019

What does Roy in Normal want from a sex change Assignment

What does Roy in Normal want from a sex change - Assignment Example People with gender identity disorder prefer to dress and live as the members of the opposite sex. Gender identity disorder is a psychological condition that causes many problems. Depression and anxiety are among the most common problems that he has to face. However, these psychological problems can be overcome by taking certain measures that also include some medicines but the social dilemma is the hardest thing the person suffering from gender identity disorder has to face. Everyone expect others to behave and act the way they are physically born. Parents start dictating their children about appropriate behavior from very early ages. As many boys have reported the message from their parents that they do not like them to play with dolls or wear pink dresses. As these individuals grow up, life gets harder and harder where at one side they are fighting with their souls while on the other side they are trying to cope up with the body they are born with. Puberty is the most difficult age in the lifetime for such people as they see gender specific changes in them in the form of facial hair growth, change of voice, development of genitalia and growth of breasts. They hate these changes and reported to be disgusted by hair growth in case of males or breasts development in case of females. It is quite a complicated stage where some are unaware with what is happening to them while others are either not confident enough or ready to take a decision for sex change. Most have been found to snub their inner feelings and try living against their will because of the fear and restrictions of society and moral impacts. Though, this is very distressing and depressing to them and can cause other psychological disorders (Park, and Manzon-Santos). The same situation â€Å"Roy† had to face in the movie â€Å"Normal† who snubbed his individuality in another body for a very long time but finally decides to change it and live the way he feels to. After 25 years of successf ul marriage and fatherhood, Roy found the biggest secret of his life that he was a woman in a man’s body. In a quest of finding his identity and portray what he is in real, he wants to go for a sex change surgery. After announcing the decision of sex transition, Roy faces disgust and intolerance from his family and co-workers. Some understands his transition while others totally abandon it. Roy transition to be a woman is going to affect not only him but also everyone he is related to. Roy goes through an inner war between his social existence and psychological empowerment. He sees a psychologist to identify more about him and try to fight with the situation socially but nothing makes it better. His wife tries her best to bring the man he loved by putting psychological pressure in different ways but nothing works on him. Roy is so desperate with his life that he even tries to attempt a suicide but his wife saves him. His psychological disorder is totally empowering him with d issatisfaction and unhappiness. He feels like he has been snubbing his internal desires and regrets to spend the whole life in a body and appearance that does not belong to him. The final change he brings to his life is dressing in a woman’s dress, wearing high heels and growing long-hair. The change was more a satisfaction to his psychological needs than physical. Roy has not gone through a sex-change surgery yet, however, he feels happiness and pleasure with the

Friday, November 1, 2019

Technology to Improve Internal Audit Research Paper

Technology to Improve Internal Audit - Research Paper Example Conclusion 7 Name of the Student: Name of the Professor: Course Number: Date of the Paper: Technology to Improve Internal Audit 1. Introduction The internal audit is defined as the process of an autonomous appraisal function that is established within the organization to evaluate and examine the activities as a service. The main objective of the internal audit is to assist the members of the organization to effectively perform their responsibilities. The end result of the internal audit is to provide the analysis, assessment, suggestion, direction, and information regarding the reviewed activities. The end objective is promoting control over the reasonable cost (Kagermann 4; Trenerry 266; Pickett 325). The primary role of the internal audit has undergone radical changes. After the introduction of Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) Act in the USA in 2002 the internal audit has started to redeploy the financial control auditing (Leung, Cooper and Perera 785). This paper focuses on how technology has improved the internal audit. 2. Literature Review 2.1 New methodologies in use The recent development in the technology has led to the use of more sophisticated methods for internal auditing in the organization. The methodologies that are currently in use are (Dittenhofer 462): Computer assisted audit techniques (CAAT) Expert System Analytical Auditing 2.1.1 Computer assisted audit techniques The most dynamic way of processing audit is the use of computer assisted audit techniques (CAAT). This technology is not a new one, but requires a continuous up-gradation to increase the efficiency of auditing account inventories, receivables, fixed assets accumulation, and accounts payable. This method consists of the process of downloading the subject files and testing these files irrespective of the computer system of the auditee. The CAAT process eliminates the hand processed and time consuming substantive testing. It produces the automatic computer generated working paper, which is displa yed on the basis of â€Å"by difference†. There are several other computer applications that enhance the audit operation, reduce the time consumed, and also increase the accuracy of the work (Dittenhofer 462-463). 2.1.2 Analytical Auditing The use of the analytical auditing procedure is the recent development in the process of internal auditing. This process leads to the development of the relationship between the operational or physical aspects and financial aspects. The procedures claim that there must exist some relationship and unless they exist, some mitigating circumstances must be there, or if not some investigation should be done to determine the reason of inexistence. The technique tends to find the areas that require more in-depth investigation process and also identifies the areas that require a very little in-depth investigation. This method can be used as the potential area of interest. Without the indication of the problem absence and further examination, this p rocess cannot be used in a positive way (Dittenhofer 463). 2.1.3 Expert System The procedure of the expert system is another development that enhances the operation of internal auditing. This procedure includes computer programs that are identical to human reasoning and can be used to alert the auditor to investigate certain situations or the audit activities that should be considered as the response to the situation that appears to be unusual. Hence, two capacities are displayed by the functioning of the expert system. Firstly, the system is built on the computer program that records information automatically and compares it to the standard information that is already present to find the situation that

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Nutrition, Physical Activity and Weight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nutrition, Physical Activity and Weight - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  evidence based messages to promote healthy nutrition in adolescents should target food groups, snacks, meals, fast food and beverages. Teenagers should ensure that their diet contains a variety of foods such as grains, meat, poultry, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, and nuts to accommodate their growth requirements of minerals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Daily 5 servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended.This paper highlights that energy dense-nutrient poor foods such as fried potato chips, biscuits and cakes lead to a lower intake of fruits and vegetables and are more likely to be associated with consumption of other energy dense-nutrient poor foods like colas. Energy drinks and soft drinks should be consumed in limited quantity because of their high caffeine and sugar content. Current research suggests that reducing consumption of sugar sweetened and carbonated drinks can help in obesity prevention. Instead, water in take should be increased. They should be taught to read the labels before consuming packaged and processed foods regarding calories, fat and sodium content of the product and choose accordingly and wisely. Also, difference in home cooked and processed food can be explained and reasons for ‘eating out’ analysed.  Adolescents should be explained about the benefits of staying physically active and how it can be achieved. Teenagers should be encouraged to take part in sports and other physical activities at school.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Types Of Anxiety Disorders

The Types Of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, apprehension and worrying. These disorders affect how we feel and behave, and they can manifest physical symptoms. Mild anxiety is vague and unsettling, while severe anxiety can be extremely debilitating, which will cause a serious impact on daily life. (medicalnewstoday.com, 2010) It is different as fear, as we only feel fear when the stimulus is present, and it fades off if we avoid the stimulus. (James W. Kalat, 1992). On the other hand, anxiety is the result of how people perceive threats, which appears to be uncontrollable and unavoidable. In fact, anxiety may not always be a bad thing as they help us stay alert and focused; it spurs us to action and motivates us to solve problems. People often experience worry or fear when they confront something challenging such as examinations and interview, these mild anxiety are justified and considered as normal. It only becomes a disorder when it interferes with our ability to function and cope with everyday life (James W. Kalat, 1992). Anxiety disorder, are thus the results from excessive anxiety and worries, in which occurred in a prolonged period of time to be classified as a type of disorder. Research shows that almost 25 percent of the adult population experienced symptoms characteristic of the various anxiety disorders (Kessler etal., 1994). Because anxiety disorders are a group of related conditions rather than just a single disorder, they vary from person to person. Different individuals may experience different type of attacks and symptoms. Despite of the different forms in anxiety disorder, all anxiety disorders share one major symptom: persistent or severe worry or fear in situations in which most people would not feel threatened (Melinda Smith, 2008). This shows that to be categorized in the different types of anxiety disorder, it depends on which type of anxiety is experienced, the degree of anxiety experienced, and also the situation which stimulated the anxiety. There are several disorders which are categorized under anxiety disorder, the five major categorize are namely Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic disorder, phobias, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (Zimbardo Gerrig, 1996) Types of Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder This disorder is diagnosed when a person have the anxious and worry feeling in a prolonged period of time, at least six months, when he or she is not threatened by any specific danger. It usually focused on specific life circumstances (Zimbardo Gerrig, 1996). Several examples for life circumstances are such as keeping their job, simple household matters, well-being of loved ones etc. They do not have realistic reason to have such intense anxiety and it may persist and interfere their normal functioning in daily life for a prolonged period of time. Physical symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder may include sweating, flushing, pounding heart, diarrhea, clammy hands, headaches, muscle tension and muscle aches. Whereas the psychological symptoms are frequently includes persistent nervousness, fatigue, restlessness, irritability and insomnia (Rod Plotnik, 1993). This disorder leads to impaired functioning because the person is unable to control his excessive anxiety; hence the individual cannot attend sufficiently to his or her daily life obligations. It is further compounded by the physical symptoms associated with the disorder. For instance, when the individual has this disorder, he perhaps will have persistent insomnia, which leads to deprivation of sleep. This will then affect his function ability the next day as he is too tired or fatigue. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is commonly treated with psychotherapy or with medications. Many studies show that therapy is the most effective treatment for most people as it is side-effect free. One of the psychotherapy which is commonly used to treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It analyses the distortions in the way the patient perceive the world and themselves (Robert Segal, 2008). As from the medication aspect, drugs which are frequently prescribed are tranquilizers, such as Valium and Librium (Slazman, 1991). In moderate dozes, it is usually not physically addicting. However, when it is consumed in higher doses, the person may suffer withdrawal symptoms when the drugs were stopped. Based on studies, people who had been treated by these two ways were 68% recovered or less impaired than untreated controls (Noyes et al., 1980) Hence both drugs and psychotherapy are often used together to treat patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Panic Disorder Research shows that panic disorder is an emotional disturbance which is found in about 1-2% of all American Adults, women more than men and is rare among children (McNally, 1990; Myers et al., 1984; Robins et al., 1984). According to the DSM-III-R, panic disorders are different from generalized anxiety disorder and the various types of phobias. Patients of panic disorders usually experience unexpected and severe panic attacks that may last for only a few minutes to a few hours. Studies shows that people with this disorder have a fairly constant state of moderate anxiety and an over responsive sympathetic nervous system. When faced a mild stressor, patients may respond with a sudden increase in heart rate and blood adrenaline (Liebowitz et al., 1985; Nutt, 1989). As it attacks suddenly, it can occur anytime, even when the individual are asleep. Although research could not find the specific cause of panic disorder, it is said to be due to an inherited neurochemical abnormality that results the sudden surges of physiological arousal and fear or it may be due to psychological factors such as conditioning and irrational beliefs (McNally 1990). It is also believed that panic disorder is trigger by stress, fear, or even physical activities. When people discover that by doing this physical activity will cause a panic attack, they tend to avoid the activity completely, causing them to be more sensitive towards the effect of that particular physical activity. Hence, for example, they tend to suffer from panic attacks due to the slightest exertion that will cause their heart rate to increase, in which they will start to perceive as a panic attack because of their persistent worry of having this attack again. Therefore, professionals usually suggest the patient to have regular exercise as a treatment for panic disorder (Ledwidge, 1980) Base on prior studies, panic disorders are usually treated with a combination of benzodiazepines or antidepressants and psychotherapy. With this combination, it can be usually treated successfully in a period of 3 to 8 months (Ballenger 1991). Phobias According to Zimbardo Gerrig in their book Psychology and Life, they stated that a person suffers from phobia when he suffers from a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation that is excessive and unreasonable given the reality of the threat. This means that that person may show intense fear of something, in which normal people may not have such intense fear of it. This shows that phobias have a distinct different from the meaning of fear. Fear, on the other hand, is a rational reaction to an objectively identified external danger that will cause the person to escape or attack in self-defense. What it means by objectively identified external danger are such as sudden natural disaster or there is fire at one ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s home. These stimuli are perceived as dangerous and it is rational to have fear against it. Phobias causes significant distress and it interferes with the adjustment in life of that that individual (Zimbardo Gerrig, 1996). James W. Kalat even define phobia as a fear so extreme that it interferes with normal living. For example, normal people may have fear against some insect such as bees or even spiders. But these fears did not interfere with their function of living and it did not stop them from achieving their goal. It is only diagnosed as phobia if this fear interferes with the normal functionality of their life. The DSM-IV divides phobia into two categories, namely social phobias and specific phobias. Rod Plotnik define social phobia as phobias which are brought on by the presence of other people. This further means that that person feels uneasy in a public location because they are fear of the presence of others around them. People suffering from social phobia may have stage fright and always fear that they will act something embarrassing in public. Surveys show that approximately 13.3 percent of U.S. adults have experienced social phobia (Kessler et al., 1994). On the other hand, specific phobias occur when a patient produces response towards several different types of objects or situations (Zimbardo Gerrig, 1996). Some people may have intense fear of height, while some towards snake which may due to prior conditioning. Different people with specific phobias may have different thing or stimulus which they are afraid of. Phobias can last a lifetime as people tend to avoid the stimulus which they are afraid of. Hence it is very difficult for a phobia to extinguish itself. Hence the therapies which are usually used to cure phobias are systematic desensitization and flooding. Systematic desensitization is known as the most common and successful therapy to treat phobias. It is a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing the patient to the object which they fear (Wolpe, 1961). For instance, if a person is afraid of snakes, they are asked to slowly approach a snake through stages. For the first stage they may just need to imagine about an image of a snake, as the person is ready, they are then exposed to the real stimulus. However, the patient can stop the process whenever they feel distress about it. This shows that the process resembles Skinners shaping procedure. Flooding, also known as implosion is a treatment in which differ from systematic desensitization. Base on Hogan and Kirchner, this treatment is conducted by exposing the object of the phobia suddenly, rather than gradually. This approach is basically treating phobia by believing that the human sympathetic nervous system is unable to maintain an extreme arousal for a very long period of time, in which the body will start to adapt and the fear will start to subside. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders According to Jeanne Segal, Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors in which the individual feel compelled to perform. As the name implies, this disorder consists of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are involuntary, uncontrollable thoughts, images or impulses that tend to occur over and over again in the mind unconsciously. For example, the person may repetitively think that they may not lock the door yet, although they already did. These thinking are usually disturbing and may cause stress to the person. On the other hand, compulsions are repetitive behaviors or rituals in which the person is driven to carry out again and again (Melinda Smith, 2008). This means that the action is taken again and again to reduce the discomfort of the previously repeating obsessions. For instance, the patient may repetitively checking whether he had turn off the oven even though he had checked it again and again for the past few hours. This may then interfere with the normal routine of the individual ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s daily life especially their social and occupational functioning. According to Rapoport, obsessive-compulsive disorder can be treated by exposing the person to the very situation or object in which the individual is attempting to avoid. He further suggests that if this treatment does not work, clomipramine can be used as medication. This antidepressant drug is usually used simultaneously with exposure therapy for an efficient result. Furthermore, researchers also found out that about 80% of the patients had maintained their improved status of reducing their rituals from 5 hours to 1 hour a day (OSullivan et al., 1991). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PTSD is a disorder in which it develops following a traumatic event that threatens ones safety or create a helpless feeling towards that individual (Robert Segal,2008). Traumatic events are such as car crash, kidnapping, natural disasters, rape case, war etc. These events somehow create fear towards the individual in which it develops into PTSD. Studies shows that rape victim are among the group are most likely to develop this disorder (Green, 1994). After the individual experience a traumatic event, the body will be in a state of shock. If the individual make sense of what had happened, they tend to come out of it. But if the individual remain in psychological shock, PTSD will then develop. Zimbardo Gerrig defines this disorder as an anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent re-experience of traumatic events through dreams, hallucinations or flashbacks. The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder usually arises suddenly, gradually or continuously over time (Melinda Smith, 2008). Sometimes it may also be triggered by a stimulus that is related to the traumatic event. For example, victims who are raped in a car tend to have PTSD when they see a car. PTSD can be treated by encouraging the victim to face the trauma they have experienced rather than to avoid them. There are four types of treatments for PTSD, namely Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Family therapy and medications (Robert Segal, 2008). The Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy involves exposing the victim towards thoughts, feelings and situations that will remind the victim about the trauma. This therapy also encourages the victim to identify upsetting thoughts of the event and replacing them with a more balanced picture. The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing incorporates the elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy with eye movements or other forms of rhythmic stimulations. For instance, hand taps or sounds. This therapy is believed to unfreeze the brains information processing system which is interrupted in times of extreme stress. It is also used to free the frozen emotional fragments whic h retained their original intensity; they can be integrated into a cohesive memory. Family therapy is a therapy in which family members around the victim help the loved ones to understand and support what they are going through. Last but not least, medication can be prescribed to relive secondary symptoms such as depression or anxiety, but it will not cure the causes of PTSD. General Symptoms of Anxiety Disorder According to Jeanne Segal, anxiety disorders share one major symptom, which is persistent or severe fear or worry in situations in which normal people would not feel threatened. In addition to the primary symptoms of irrational and excessive worry and fear, emotional symptoms of anxiety disorder includes: having trouble concentrating, tension, irritability, restlessness, anticipating the worst, apprehension feelings and have the tendency to focus more on signs of danger. On the other hand, physical symptoms are involved because anxiety makes the body to produce a fight-or-flight response. Common physical symptoms include pounding heart, sweating, muscle tensions, fatigue, insomnia, shortness of breath, stomach upset, and etc. Anxiety sufferers often mistook these physical symptoms as symptoms of medical illness, causing them to visit the hospital numerous times before discovering their disorder. Causes of Anxiety Disorder Many psychologists suggest that the development of anxiety disorder with the four etiological approaches, namely biological, psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive (Zimbardo Gerrig, 1996). Biological Seligman proposed a hypothesis called as the preparedness hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that human carry around an evolutionary tendency to respond quickly and thoughtlessly to once-feared stimuli. This hypothesis attempts to explain why only certain phobias are more common than fears of other dangers. For example, the fear of snakes and height are more common than the fear of electricity. He further proposed that at one time in the evolutionary past, certain fear enhanced our ancestors chances of survival. Besides that, he also thinks that there is a possibility where human are born with a predisposition to fear whatever is related to sources of serious danger in the evolutionary past. However, this hypothesis did not explain the other types of phobias which develop in response to objects or situations that would not have had survival meaning over evolutionary theory, such as the fear of driving or elevators. A research conducted with identical and fraternal twins shows another evidence of a biological role in anxiety disorders. This research suggests a genetic basis for the predisposition to experience four of the five categories of anxiety disorders (Skre et al., 1993). It suggest that the probability of a pair of identical twins both suffered from a panic disorder is twice the probability of both fraternal twins were sufferers. However, phobia shows no genetic evidence because it is develop more purely environmental origins for those disorders. Psychodynamic According to Zimbardo Gerrig, this model is based on the assumption that the symptoms of anxiety disorders actually comes from an underlying psychic conflicts or fears. These symptoms are actually attempts to protect the individual from psychological pain. For example, in obsessive-compulsive disorders, the obsessive behavior seems to be an attempt to displace anxiety created by a related but far more feared conflict or desire. Hence, in order to gain some relief, the individual then substitute an obsession towards something that symbolically captures the forbidden impulse. Another example is such as a child with a record of childhood abuse develops the obsessive-compulsive disorder. The child may have different types of compulsion so that she will feel being in control and not bullied by someone else and this soothes anxiety of losing control or doing something wrong that will cause her family to beat her up. In a nutshell, the individual actually carry out minor task repetitively to avoid the original issue that is creating unconscious conflict. Behavioral This factor focus on the way symptoms of anxiety disorders are conditioned or reinforced. The Classical conditioning theory proposed by Ivan Pavlov is often used to explain the development of phobias, which are seen as classically conditioned fears. This means that the object in which the individual phobia of may be a neutral stimulus but became something a phobia stimulus after it is paired with a frightening experience. For example, an individual might not be afraid of a dog before the incident in which he is bitten by a dog. From that incident, the individual is conditioned that all dogs will bite and thus cause him to have a fear of dogs. As what the obsessive-compulsive example above suggests, the compulsive behaviors tend to reduce the unconscious anxiety associated with the obsessive thoughts. This can be explained from the behavioral aspect. As the individual reduce the unconscious anxiety through his compulsive behaviors, it reinforces the compulsive behaviors as it causes a sense of temporary relieve. Cognitive Sufferers of anxiety disorder tend to perceive their distress as a sign of impending disaster. Their reaction may set off a vicious cycle in which the person fears disaster, which in turn leads to an increase of the anxiety level even more, which cause the anxiety sensation to worsen and confirms the person ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s fear (Beck Emery, 1985). Research also found out that anxious patients maintain their anxiety by employing cognitive biases that highlight the threatening of the stimuli (MacLeod et al., 1986). The result of this study suggest that anxious patients may have bias in attending or encoding that makes them more likely to notice a threatening stimuli. Neuromolecular Studies show that levels of some neurotransmitter in the body contributes to anxiety disorder. For instance, low levels of GABA, which reduces the activity in the central nervous system, will contribute to anxiety (Lydiard RB, Nemeroff CB, 2003). Recent studies also suggest that the effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in alleviating anxiety may result from a direct action on GABA neurons (Taylor M, 2004). Effect of Anxiety Disorder According to Kendall Genre, an anxiety disorder can affect one ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s family and friends in a number of ways. When one has anxiety disorder, the symptoms which they experience, such as insomnia, irritability, tension can affect his or her interpersonal relationships with his or her family and friends. Besides that, the symptoms of anxiety disorder may abrupt the normal function of that individual in his daily life (Kendall Genre, 2008). The individual may not be able to do his or her work efficiently which may be related to the symptoms one suffered due to anxiety disorder. For example, if the individual suffers from insomnia, he will be fatigue the next day and causing lack of concentration in fulfilling his task properly. Symptoms may last for days, causing the sufferer having difficulty to cope it, which then cause them to unable to function properly (Judith Boucher, 2007) Furthermore, some anxiety disorder such as panic disorder and Post-traumatic stress disorder may cause the individual to avoid things that will trigger the disorder (Kendall Genre, 2008). Avoidance then causes the individual to unable to function ones daily life normally. For instance, if a person is afraid of car due to an incident which she was rape in a car, she will avoid going on cars and thus circumscribed her ability to interact socially in such a way that her family, friends and coworkers are affected. She can no longer drive out to have tea with her friends because she wants to avoid being in a car. Better Daoust suggest that anxiety disorder especially panic disorder can cause the body to take a lot of punishment due to its broad symptoms. Panic attack can generate long term stress related problems that are quite serious. First of all, the heart will suffer first from a panic attack. If it is not handled properly, it will affect the functions of other organs in the body too. During a panic attack, the lungs will work harder and the heart pumps faster because there is a lack of cellular support, the brain dedicates energy to somewhere else. Hence, she suggests that panic attack is a multi-system attacker. Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with other serious psychiatric disorders, particularly common, depression and substance abuse (Kendall Genre, 2008). This means that a patient of anxiety disorder has a very high possibility to suffer from depression or substance abuse.