Saturday, August 31, 2019

Should Models Have a Minimum Weight? Essay

What The Size of Models Really Promotes Models over the past decades have become noticeably thinner and thinner creating an ongoing debate: Are models becoming too thin? For a recent example, Bethaney Wallace, a teenage model, dies at the age of 19 from starving herself to death, all for the sole purpose of selling clothes. Model deaths are one of the many reasons that have caused the fashion industry to discuss implementation of a minimum model weight standard. This issue has been in debate for a long time now, but standards have never been enacted. Most people would do anything for a job they loved, including purging, starving, and excessive exercising. But when there’s no line drawn, how does someone know when enough is enough? Not only is the idea of ‘thin is beautiful’ hurting models, but it is also damaging the frail body images of most young girls. We unfortunately live in a world where fashion is promoting an unhealthy image for young women to aspire to, but with a set of standards this could cr eate progress for a change. Because the majority of models in today’s society are unreasonably thin, and because media images are a major factor in girls’ images of themselves, a weight standard should be set for models to promote better body image for themselves and other girls. BACKGROUND The evolution of fashion models is vast if comparing the size of the models. Surprisingly, the fashion industry wasn’t always obsessed with caloric intake and the size of models that stomped the catwalk. â€Å"Addressing her fellow beauties on the matter of their ample cabooses, newly elected president of the Model’s Mutual Aid Society, Lucy â€Å"Lucky† Janishevski, admonished her sisters to lay down their baguettes and wage a war on calories to keep their figures svelte and their jobs secure. After all, the slender Brits and Americans were rapidly invading French fashion territory. In a news report issued by the North American Newspaper Alliance, published on this day in 1957, Lucky recommended a reducing regimen of exercise, carrot juice, and a ‘microscopic slice of dry toast’† (Lloyd). â€Å"Lucky† was one of the first woman to suggest an unhealthy guideline for models to follow in France. â€Å"Lucky and a former American model, D orian  Leigh, established the first successful modeling agency in Paris, importing trimmer models from Sweden, Italy, England and America. By the late 60s, the modeling world had shed its Bardot hips in favor of slim, boyish bods, with models Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy leading the way† (Lloyd). Twiggy, a high fashion model of the 60’s, joined the fashion industry at 16 and is commonly blamed for the revolution of stick-thin models. Even though skinny became all the rage, not every designer wanted stick figures. â€Å"Avant-gardist Andrà © Courrà ¨ges preferred curvy girls to show off his (†¦) designs. He did not ‘care about their measurements or their weight,’ according to a 1967 Vogue interview. When the interviewer inquired whether he had ever asked a model to lose weight, he said he ‘often ask[ed] them to gain weight.’ The always-prescient Courrà ¨ges paved the way for more voluptuous models, with supermodels Christie Brinkley, Cindy Crawford and Brooke Shields emerging onto the scene in the 70s and 80s.† (Lloyd) The era of fit, curvy models remained strong into the 90’s with supermodels like Claudia Schiffer, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington storming the runways and covering the pages of Vogue, Elle and Harper’s Bazaar. Lloyd claims, it was only when Kate Moss ushered in a new wave of waifishness as the poster child for heroin chic that curves once again fell out of fashion. Idolizing models like Brazilian beauty Gisele Bundchen, a Victoria’s Secret model with remarkable voluptuous curves, became a short-lived fad, replaced by girls with no hips. â€Å"In the mid-2000s, Gemma Ward, the youngest model ever to grace the cover of Vogue, ushered in the era of gaunt models. Draping fabrics and billowy silhouettes hung on these skeletal girls as thoug h on showroom racks. Like a dysfunctional family secret, the fashion world refused to recognize that the industry ideal was abetting anorexia. In 2006, it took the deaths of Luisel Ramos, a 22-year-old Uruguayan model who subsisted on lettuce leaves and Diet Coke, and Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, for the industry to take notice† (Lloyd). Quickly following their deaths, Milan set a minimum weight requirement, Madrid established a minimum BMI, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America issued guidelines to help designers recognize eating disorders and weight issues of their models. These requirements and guidelines are â€Å"a promising step in the right direction (†¦) to real change. But it is worth noting that the guidelines only apply directly to runway models, leaving magazine shoots, advertisements and other fashion media untouched. Can the fight for healthier models be won if only fought on one front?† (Krupnick). The Weight Standard Would Be Beneficial For: Model’s Health Most runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia, according to an editorial pictorial in the January issue of PLUS model magazine. Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8 percent less than the average woman. Today, she weighs 23 percent less, it said. When asked for its source, the magazine cited the website of Rader Programs, which treats those with eating disorders. Keeping up with the grueling world of the fashion industry is a difficult task. Most models feel as if the only way to compete and keep their spot in the industry is to stay below a certain weight or maintain a particular look. Some models don’t even recognize that once they are below the healthy Body Mass Index for their age group, it is extremely harmful to their health. Doctors say adult women that are â€Å"underweight (BMI less than 18.5) may be malnourished and develop digestive system issues, certain types of cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, etc.† (â€Å"Body Mass Index†). For a model, looks seem to be everything, creating many issues concerning models and their way of losing weight. A huge majority of models develop eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binging disorders that can truly harm them. These dramatic ways of losing weight can have serious consequences, even as severe as death. By creating a weight standard, it would give models more room to be a bigger size and therefore be accepted because of it. It would also help in stopping the uncontrollable amount of eating disorders models have in the fashion industry. Many feel that a minimum model weight is discrimination against those who are naturally thin and not taking drastic measures to make themselves that way. Others say it is a profession that involves high risk to your health, which is the model’s life choice to make and not the client’s. Supporters also face the predicament of how to determine what the weight standard should be, since everyone has a different combination of body chemistry and height. It is true that models that are naturally thin could feel attacked when weight standards are enacted, but it is more important to ensure safety of models’ health and improve the physical standard in which young women look up to. It is also true that it is the decision of the model to risk their health, but if standards were established then models could feel accepted even at a heavier weight. Since everyone has a different body chemistry and height, standards would involve BMI (Body Mass Index), a system that measures both weight and height to determine how underweight or overweight one’s body is. The Health Of The Viewers

Friday, August 30, 2019

What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They?

Ridley Scott's ‘Gladiator' was released in 2000 and won five Oscars (Academy Awards); including â€Å"Best Film,† â€Å"Best Visual Effects† and â€Å"Best Director.† Scott cast some well known actors such as Russel Crowe and Richard Harris. Some reports suggest it cost an amazing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145 million. The casting of Crowe as Maximus was significant because he is able to portray a very well built, physically strong, battle-hardened leader. The character of Maximus contrasts with the casting of Harris as the ageing Emperor with his gaunt and tired looking features. From the very outset of the film, the director employs a sepia effect coupled with a dark, overcast almost monochrome effect. These combine to give the impression of imminent tragedy as well as conveying that the events are set in the distant past. The director has even asked the production companies ‘Universal' and ‘DreamWorks' to make their logos' sepia to show continuity. The historical information provided helps the audience to place the film in a historical context. The use of old Roman font for the text further reinforces the context and genre. The information is factual, gives names and information of real people. It is clear that this is going a historical, action film but with a central theme about power, control and one man's fight for his freedom from the killing and slaughter. The first shot is an extreme close up, when you would normally expect an extreme long shot to see the scene. The extreme close up is focusing on the actor's hand floating through the grass. The slow quiet music helps to make the shot dreamlike. The main character seems calm because he is stroking the grass and he is wearing a wedding ring to show he is a family man. After the slow close up shot the director shows the character alone on the battlefield which makes the previous scene a definite dream. To establish that it was a dream the director jumps from a slow calm shot to a medium close up on the character in a more dark and gloomy shot. The character's armour and wolf-skin shows that he is an important man. The cut to a robin (a bird usually seen in winter) with a dark background tells the audience that it is winter. After seeing the robin a small smile fights its way on to his face, which shows he is not just a gory, ruthless fighter and that he does have a gentle side. The extreme long shot is good to set the scene of the battlefield, which is a dark and gloomy forest. The name of the location ‘Germania' is Roman for Germany, by using the Roman language it helps to establish the fact that it is an old, Roman film. This shot is more dramatic because it contrasts heavily with the previous dreamlike shot of the hand floating through a calm cornfield. The slow music (adagio) starts off the extreme long shot making the atmosphere calm and gentle, it also makes it ominous because the adagio music is playing in the battlefield shot. When the shot begins to zoom in the music becomes more lively and action packed just as the army starts coming into view so you know that they are going to war. The music includes trumpets and a few drums which makes the shot more martial. The sudden change in atmosphere and music starts to build up the tension and expectation that a great deal of action is imminent. As the shot moves to Marcus Aurelius, the audience can see that he is an important character. He is wearing gold along with a purple cape. The purple cape shows he is royalty because to make the colour purple a tiny sea creature called a Murex Mollusc was required. This creature was very rare and large quantities were required to make a small amount of dye. Therefore, purple garments were highly prized status symbols. Whilst zooming inward the camera shot used is a low angle which makes Marcus Aurelius seem very high on his horse. He is also just watching the war not doing anything and he has got a stern looking bodyguard. The director emphasises General Maximus' authority by using a medium close up as he walks along all of his troops. Everyone is focused on him; they move out of the way, bow down and are always calling him sir to show complete respect. The costume he wears defines his authority, he wears more armour than the rest of his army and he is also wearing wolf-skin. The director stresses Maximus' authority and respect by making his word final, the director shows this in the following quote, â€Å"The range is good† this is the sentence where Maximus cuts off the other soldier, also â€Å"†¦is acceptable†, then, â€Å"agreed†, Maximus speaks in a very low, quiet, considered tone of voice but the soldiers still listen with no question which shows their respect for him. In the pre-battle motivational speech to his men, Maximus uses the type of language that his men can understand to encourage and motivate them. â€Å"Three weeks from now I will be harvesting my crops. Think were you want to be and it will be so.† Here he is making them think positive about the future and set a goal for themselves. He then jokes that if they find themselves all alone they are already in Elysium (Roman afterlife). But then he uses a phrase that seems quite out of character for a tough, brutal general of an aggressive, imperial Roman army, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† This line instantly marks out Maximus as having a spiritual and sentimental aspect to his character. There are many differences between the Romans and the German Tribesmen, for instance when Maximus is giving his speech all of his troops are in formation quietly listening and fully concentrating, by contrast the German Tribesmen are shouting and not giving any attention. The fighting style of the Romans is orderly, synchronised and they are in a perfect battle formation, the Tribesmen are in disorganised running around like a rabble. The Romans are equipped with matching armour and similar weapons whilst the Tribesmen have animal skins and rough individual weapons. The Romans appear to have a complete strategy and are disciplined, the Tribesmen just rely on their brute strength, and even their appearance is barbaric. The director helps to establish the difference between the two sides by taking the shots of each side one after the other. Toward the end of the battle the director employs a technique that seems completely unexpected. As the battle is raging, there is loud martial music with lots of trumpets, drums and war cries. However as the battle is coming to a conclusion and the Roman army is on the verge of victory, the director switches to slow motion shots and an adagio score. Instead of seeing triumphant Romans celebrating their victory and listening to triumphant music, the audience is left in a slightly confused state. It is almost as if the director is trying to communicate the futility of the death and destruction. As the last of the Germans are being slaughtered and fires are raging in the background the only human sound is the sound of heavy tired exhalation of breath, Even blood splattered, exhausted Maximus' triumphant cry, â€Å"Roma Victor!† and his soldiers' cheers are almost lost in the adagio. Then in a scene that seals the futility of war, the camera focuses a tired, old, weary Emperor as he takes a deep breath and closes his eyes in an expression that reveals his sad resignation that another battle has been won. At first glance, I just thought â€Å"Gladiator† was simply going to be a â€Å"blood and guts film,† But having watched it with greater attention, I believe it is a truly great film. Ridley Scott has carefully constructed an opening scene that brings out the futility of war and one mans struggle to be free. Scott had used many different effects such as; slow motion photography, quick change in atmosphere and an almost monochrome set with the orange of burning fires and sepia tones. The musical score has switched between triumphant martial music and a slow adagio hinting of imminent tragedy and sadness. Even the minimal dialogue between the characters complements the director's intended effect. Overall this is a magnificent opening scene.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Compare The Character And Behaviour Essay

This essay is an in depth analysis of how Will Mossop changes throughout the course of the play. We first meet Will in Act 1 on page 9. Mrs Hepworth has recently bought an exceptionally well-made pair of boots from the shop and wishes to meet the man who made them, Will Mossop. However, she doesn’t tell the reason behind her visit and he believes that it is to scold Mossop about a badly made pair of boots. Upon coming ‘up trap’, Mrs Hepworth produces a visiting card. Hobson still believes that this is to be a dressing down for Mossop and tries to get ahead of the game by saying, ‘I assure you it shall not happen again.’ Realising that Hobson is trying to look good and enhance his reputation, Mrs Hepworth puts him in his place by asking him what will not happen again. Unable to answer, he mumbles something and is embarrassed. With that Mrs Hepworth says, â€Å"I’ve tried every shop in Manchester and these boots are the best-made pair of boots I’ve ever had. Now you’ll make my boots in future.’ Throughout this passage Will Mossop doesn’t say a dozen words and is very timid. Our first view of the man is that he is a quiet, shy man and to a certain extent, finds it embarrassing to accept praise. I also get the feeling that because he is a typical working-class man he feels inferior to the Hobson family and especially Henry Hobson because he has made his own fortune. We get our second look at Will Mossops character on page 15 of the book. Maggie has decided that she wants to leave home, marry Will and set-up shop with him. She has come to this idea after her father says she is now too old to marry and must stay with him to run the shop. Determined to prove her father wrong, she calls Will Mossop ‘up trap’. To begin with, she subtly drops the hints that she wants him, but due to his lack of experience with the opposite sex, he doesn’t catch on and she has to tell him exactly what she means and wants. Willy feebly tries to push her away but it doesn’t work and she convinces him that it is for the best. Will half-heartedly agrees even though they haven’t been seeing each other at all. This leads me to believe that Will was bullied as a child and is used to being told what to do no matter whether it was good or bad for his own prospects or what he wanted. Only a few short pages later and Willies final character begins to emerge. He gets tired of being told what to do by Mr Hobson and being bullied by him. It all comes about when Maggie is telling her father of her engagement to Will and Mr Hobson hits Will with a leather belt. To this he remarks, ‘And I’ve nobbut one answer back. Maggie, I’ve none kissed you yet. I shirked before. But by gum, I’ll kiss you now – and take you and hold you. And if Mr Hobson raises up that strap again, I’ll do more. I’ll walk straight out of shop with thee and us two’ull set up for ourselves.’ With this outburst, Mr Hobson is taken aback. With it coming from his faithful worker he doesn’t know what to say next. Maggie is also taken aback but reacts differently to it saying, ‘Willie, I knew you had it in you lad’, and puts her arm round his neck as if he is a trophy. Later in the play, Mossop would stand by every word he ever said, but on this first rebellious occasion, he is not totally convinced that what he has done was the right thing and his hands fall limply to his sides. A month after this occasion, Vickey and Alice are the only ones left in the shop after Will and Maggie’s departure and with Hobson spending most of his time in the Moonrakers. Since Will left, all the high-class trade has gone with him and the takings are very poor. The pair of them are arguing about this and blame all the problems on Maggie and Will. Coincidentally Maggie and Will walk through the door at this very moment accompanied by Freddy Beenstock. Alice and Vickey seem taken aback at her appearance in the shop. Maggie now knows that Vickey and Freddy are going to be married and she believes that without her help, they never will. Maggie offers her services to them saying, â€Å"You’ll get no further with it by yourselves from what I hear of fathers carryings-on.† Vickey clearly annoyed by this replies, â€Å"That’s your fault. Yours and his†, as she points at Will. She is clearly very annoyed by the sudden engagement of the pair and in a way she is being extremely selfish. When Maggie was still working in the shop, she would handle the accounts and orders, leaving Vickey and Alice to sell the shoes to people of the streets. Suddenly, the two sisters have an increased workload and resent the fact that the only reason they have to do some proper work is because Will and Maggie have left. They resent Will as they see him as the root of their own problems.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Asia Pacific Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Asia Pacific Business - Essay Example Similarly, China had also begun showing its hyper-growth during the late 70s. According to a report published by The World Bank (2009), it had been observed that the economic performance of Japan and China are even better than that of their complementary countries such as the United States of America and other European countries. In order to recognize the characteristics of business systems currently practiced in Japan and China, it is essential to understand the concept of business system beforehand. Apart from this, culture is also regarded as one of the most crucial factors, which influences business systems directly, as an effective impact can be observed on the economy too. Moreover, internalization has also changed the nature of business systems for more than a couple of decades (Yeung, 2000). In accordance with Padmalingam (2000), Japan and China both share a substantial percentage of similarities that is identifiable in terms of their cultures and social systems particularly owing to their geographical positioning. As a result, over the years, these countries have developed similar characteristics in terms of religion, culture and national identity (Padmalingam, 2002). Besides, it has also been observed that both the countries share almost similar value systems, which have influenced each other on several occasions, quite apparently. However, a critical analysis of the phenomenon revealed that both the countries, i.e. China and Japan, on their path of development, have come to follow two completely separate modern civilizations in order to develop economic policies, especially in the post World War II period. These variances can be framed with the help of different business cultures and varied patterns of economic systems. During the transition period of the post war ec onomic system, it has also been observed that the governmental authorities in Japan and China had a commanding role in order to support the growth of domestic firms

A Defence of Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Defence of Heritage - Essay Example Conversely a property or estate may also be inherited, and even a title can be inherited: According to wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn. IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE The whole world is divided into countries. People from all these countries and different ethnic backgrounds have their own story to tell. Everyone has their own past with them which plays a huge role in determining what they are today. Similarly just like the past of all these individuals every country has a past too. A country’s history starts getting written from the very day that it is created. Every decision that is taken after that becomes a part of the history of that country. This history after a few years becomes known as the heritage of that country. The heritage of a country automatically gets attached to its citizens or the people living in it. This Heritage is the representation of the people of their respective countries. Without heritage a country would be nothing but reduced to a mere name. It is this heritage that tells us about the ancestors of the people living in a country. It acts like a silent introduction of the nationals of that country. The heritage of a country determines its true standing in the world. Wherever people go or travel in the world, their names do not remain the true representatives of their identities but instead it’s their nationalities which become the true representative of the identity of individuals once they leave their country. These nationalities wouldn’t mean much if it wasn’t for the rich heritage of their respective countries attached to them. Every country irrespective of its size has a fascinating and rich heritage. The heritage of a country gives away enormous information about the kind of people living there. It is through heritage that countries are known throughout the world. Countries like Britain which have a very rich heritage are well known throughout the world and their citizens respected. Heritage shapes the imag e of a country and its popularity. Hence this lays even more importance on the fact of knowing about the heritage of their country by its citizens or nationals. It is through this knowledge that the citizens of a country can truly feel proud of their country and know of the achievements and potential of their people. Countries that do not honour or care about their heritage and do nothing to preserve it are lost in the pages of history and time just like they lost their heritage and did nothing to protect it: According to Alison Hems, Marion R.Blockley(2006). ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE A great way of letting people know about the heritage of a country is through tourism. There are many structures and vehicles etc which may be of great historic value and contribute tremendously to the heritage of a country. A country like Great Britain for example has many castles and ships which are of particular value and serve as great assets to the heritage of Britain. These structures or assets not on ly provide the richness of heritage to the country but they are also used as great tourist destinations or spots. This reaps tremendous benefits and advantages to Britain. Firstly, it attracts a large number of tourists every year which bring with them a lot of foreign exchange or currency into the country. Then this also acts as a great industry. The tourism industry provides a lot of jobs to the people of the country and serves as the livelihood or bread and butter of all these individuals and their families. Today when the economic situation is so bad everywhere around the world and there is a financial crunch, jobs are being cut and more and more people are getting unemployed all around the world, a country must stretch all its resources and options to provide employment and jobs to their people so that they can earn their

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Project Proposal. What strategies have proven most successful in Essay

Project Proposal. What strategies have proven most successful in getting the writer an interview - Essay Example A resume is a vital marketing tool. It enlightens a prospective employer everything concerning a person and what one is capable of bringing to the profession. It is also an opening for them to evaluate ones language, writing, and proficiency in presentation. While the standards of a resume alone will not make certain that one is selected, a resume that is well developed and that markets one as a viable candidate can in the long run establish whether one will be shortlisted for an interview. Introduction The aim of this project is to analyze concerning why it is fundamental to comprehend what companies look for in cover letters and resumes. It is also of significance to make out what to write when making a resume in order to be considered for a job opening. The majority of resumes are only reviewed for a maximum of 10 seconds prior to being disqualified (Block & Betrus, 1997). On this paper, I will illustrate systematically the way in which companies review and choose prospective cand idates for a job interview based on the quality of the resume. Discussion The project will be based on perception approach, which it will offer arguments in its favor, beginning with the most important to the least important. The points to be delivered will be: The significance of writing a resume that is successful Comparison and contrasting of the disparity between a hardcopy resume and an online resume The major points to consider when writing a resume I will investigate concerning why it is essential to understand what companies are seeking in cover letters and resumes. I will also explore the disparities involving a hard copy resume and a resume from the Internet. In addition, I will investigate the strategies which have proven most successful in getting the writer an interview. The reason why I chose this topic is because I am interested in learning how organizations make decisions when evaluating a resume. I will also compared and contrast the disparities involving a resume i n  hard copy form and a resume in electronic form. I am planning to use books from the public library, DeVry online library, magazines, journals and the Internet. At the conclusion of this project, I will have a better comprehension of the significance of creating a resume that is admirable in order to be successful when applying for a job position. What strategies have proven most successful in getting the writer an interview? It is obvious that everyone has heard of the expression first impressions are lasting ones. Well ones resume is the initial meeting involving an individual and a potential employer more frequently now than ever (Bennett, 2005). Therefore, in what manner does one want to be remembered: Craggy and unorganized; orderly and structured; lengthy and lackluster; or precise and remarkable? Organizations do not have the time to interview all candidates that are concerned with the job. If they did, there would be no organization to work for. Hiring managers employ an elimination process, which is resumes. Resumes inform an employer a great deal regarding an individual. Where one has been, where one is and where one is headed. Nevertheless, the details ought to be given in brief and clearly. One only has limited moments to persuade the hiring manager that his/her resume is worthy of additional

Monday, August 26, 2019

Week 3 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 3 Conference - Essay Example rovide constitutional right fully because they do not provide tor the right of the due process of law that has been accorded to all accused persons in the United States. In that, any evidence or testimony from previous trials can be admissible during the trial, which I not the case in the criminal civil courts that means that the tried person is not accorded the right to due process. The courts should allow a structure as that of the civilian court to ensure that all the constitutional rights are upheld. In the case of Exparte Milligan (1866), the court illustrated that the constitution protects the law of the land. It also tried to justify the fact that every person should get a fair trial. Upon Appeal it was held that Milligan should have been tried in a regular court and not a military tribunal as the law protects every person and they are equal. Korematsu had a right of fair treatment as any other American resident but since he was Japanese, the government felt that they had a right to protect their country during war times. Moreover, if they saw him as a threat then they had a right to send him away from his home where he had refused to come out of, as he believed it was his right. The court felt that it was impossible from them to separate the friend from the foe or the royal and the disloyal as Korematsu was from the imperial Japan as all the Japanese were supposed to go to the internment camp and there would be no exceptions (Konkoly,2006, par.3). The court was correct in its holding not to exclude Korematsu from moving from his house to the internment camp as the rest of the Japanese, as they were protecting the security of the whole nation. The exclusion order 9066 at that time that is the 1942 to 1944 was seen as constitution because the courts sided with the government as they were trying to protect the country during the time of war. It was also held that the individual right of Mr. Fred was not as important as the rights of the American people and

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Visual Arts - Visual Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Arts - Visual Project - Term Paper Example They symbolize moments in history when people held their ground in the face of violence and great danger. They are images that affected people all over the world deeply and made them rally together to prevent such happenings in future. They are images that inspired people in the past and continue to do so up to now. Fig.1: Burning Monk Fig. 2: Napalm Girl. This photo depicts Tibetan monk Thic Quang Duc self-immolating in 1969. He set himself on fire in protest of South Vietnam’s persecution of monks. Thic maintains the calm and meditative lotus position throughout the entire ordeal. He does not move or make a sound. The sacrifice, strength and courage to perform such an act is remarkable. The ethical perspective here is demonstrated in the difficult act of taking one’s own life to make a point to the government. The fact that the monk does not express any pain or agony like a normal human is what makes this image stand out from a critical perspective. The man sits calml y and meditatively yet he is on fire. Culturally, Buddhists monks have performed such acts of self-sacrifice in protest of government treatment. The shocking and memorable nature of this photo ignited worldwide interest in the government’s treatment of Buddhists. The government took steps to treat Buddhists fairly so that worldwide condemnation would stop. The next photo depicts people running away from a village in Vietnam after a napalm attack by soldiers. The girl survived by removing her clothes which were on fire. She survived the horrible burns and lived to tell her story. She brought home the reality of the Vietnam War and the suffering people were enduring, helping bring an end to it. Fig. 3: Ernesto Che Guevara Ernesto Che Guevara’s image is one of the most famous, adored and recognizable in the world. The Argentinian rebel campaigned for socialism as a means of bettering peoples’ lives. In this image, he emanates strength, courage and leadership. T he photo became famous after Che was brutally executed while fighting as a rebel. On critical observation, the nature of the photo gives it the air of confidence that makes it so famous and popular. Che looks roguishly handsome in the photo. He radiates an almost unreal persona. He is wearing the rebel hat of choice; the beret. The combination of the beret and the leather jacket make him not only a political rebel, but also a social rebel. The photo gained worldwide appeal due to its charming and heroic nature. The juxtaposed photo, taken by the Bolivian government, depicts a dead Che. Even in death, he looks reposed and relaxed, with a peaceful, almost Christ-like, demeanor. He is surrounded by people who seem eager to confirm that he is indeed dead. The photo was released to prove that he was indeed dead, and to try to counter his public image. Che’s execution in Bolivia in 1967 made him a historical worldwide martyr and his image a symbol of revolutionaries everywhere. His execution did the opposite of what the government intended; instead of silencing him forever, it turned him into a people’s champion, ensuring his immortality. This image represents the ability of human courage to surpass even the grave. It shows that even though the government may kill you if you go against their wishes, your actions will live on in peoples’ memories. Fig. 5: Hector Pieterson Fig. 6: Palestinian Woman and Soldier This photo represents the 1976 Soweto uprising in South Africa. Police opened fire on school

Saturday, August 24, 2019

I will update the topic on the files, and you need choose it in a Research Paper

I will update the topic on the files, and you need choose it in a files "choose a sub" - Research Paper Example This led to the enforcement of the Oregon Death With Dignity Act which allows those physicians who have valid licenses to prescribe lethal doses to those patients who under reasonable medical judgment have only six months to live. There is, however, a series of safeguards which are in place to help in avoiding abuse cases. One of the necessities is that the doctor must ensure that the request by the patient is voluntary and one which is well informed. When Attorney General John Ashford took office in 2001, he led efforts meant to overrule the ODWDA by giving and interpretive rule on the issue (Durke 78). In the rule, he declared that the use of controlled substances in assisted suicide was contrary to CSA and thus practitioners who practiced it would be held responsible under the law. In the ruling made, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision which had been made by the 9th Circuit Court ruling. In the ruling, it was conclude that despite the fact that CSA gave the power of rulemaking to the attorney general; the same law prohibits the federal government from declaring a medical standard illegitimate including those standards which are authorized by the state laws. In making the decision, the court analyzed the constitutional scope of the powers of the federal government under CSA in enforcing standards. It established that there was no provision in the Act which gave the Attorney general the power to give a definition on what is considered to be the agreed or legalized medical practice. The Supreme Court judges concluded that the attorney general had the power to revoke and suspend the DEA registration of any physician if doing so will be in accordance with the interest of the public. This can happen when they are abusing prescriptions or using it in a way that is not consistent with state and federal laws. Moreover, they stated that the federal laws do not allows any

Friday, August 23, 2019

Nursing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nursing assignment - Essay Example Diffusivity of a gas is a physical constant that is derived from calculations based on the solubility of the gas in the membrane and the molecular weight of the gas. The area available for diffusion and the thickness of the membrane is anatomy dependent. Thus the exchange of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries is mostly based on the pressure gradient across the alveolar-capillary membrane. The same law applies to the transport of carbon dioxide from the capillaries to the, but carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen in the membrane and so diffusion limitation is seldom an issue with carbon dioxide, the elimination of which is dependent heavily on ventilation. (Walley & Russell, 1999). Besides the difference between the partial pressures of the gases in alveoli and the pulmonary capillary bed another important determinant of gas exchange is the relationship between the pulmonary capillary perfusion (Q) and alveolar ventilation (V). A well ventilated alveolus needs to have an equally well perfused capillary, with the ratio V/Q ideally 1. A three compartment model of the lungs helps to understand the perfusion and ventilation relationship. Physiological dead spaces, where exchange of gases does not take place are areas of wasted ventilation, where V/Q is greater than 1. Perfectly matched areas of ventilation and perfusion have V/Q equal to 1. Areas that contribute to venous admixture, which is the mixing of non-oxygenated with oxygenated blood after passing through the lungs, where perfusion has been wasted, in the example of the right to left shunt, V/Q is less than 1. Even in normal lung function, there is a degree of variation in the perfusion and ventilation in different areas of the lung due to gravity, which requires the extra effort in forcing blood supply through the blood vessels above the heart in an erect position. Thus the lower portion of the lobes of the lung is better perfused

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Visual Perception Essay Example for Free

Visual Perception Essay Perception, as the word suggests itself, explains how and why a person understands the things the way he does. In terms of the utilization of visualization of the things seen by the eyes, psychologists are able to estimate the reasons behind the fact on how people understand things based upon what they see. The colors and other elements making up human vision help a person understand the said issues that are connected with his ability of using his sight for the meaning of things. The utilization of the body’s visual system, which includes the eyes and the brain as well, helps a person understand the things that he sees. Likely, the matter is more important in terms of explaining why a certain thing appears as it does and how the said aspects of visualization affect the meaning of things as they appear to the eyes. As for example, a tree may appear to be just a tree to a person in one look. While on the other hand, if the person examines the entire picture as it appears to his eyes, the picture may have a different effect to the person as it may sense an aura of relaxation and calmness that may bring a particular rest in the mind of a person. Likely, this perception is an inner description of what the eyes see as per described through the interpretation of the brain in connection to what the eyes see. In terms of the color spectrum, as the eyes see the rainbow to have different colors when actually the eyes could only recognize three colors, why is this so? The utilization of eye’s photo receptors makes it easier for the eyes to see the prism in a more complex collection of colors that produce the rainbow’s image in the mind. From this particular example, it could be understood that human vision does not only rely on what is actually seen but on what is understood by the brain as the eyes function as the mirror to the things that it sees. References: Nigel W. Daw (17 November 1967). Goldfish Retina: Organization for Simultaneous Color Contrast. Science 158 (3803): 942–944.Bevil R. Conway (2002). Neural Mechanisms of Color Vision: Double-Opponent Cells in the Visual Cortex. Springer. ISBN 1402070926. Conway, Bevil R (2001). Spatial structure of cone inputs to color cells in alert macaque primary visual cortex (V-1) Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (8), 2768-2783. John E. Dowling (2001). Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674004620. McCann, M. , ed. 1993. Edwin H. Lands Essays. Springfield, Va. : Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Endeavour Journal Essay Example for Free

Endeavour Journal Essay This journey followed close upon the visit of the expedition on Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus. On 8 June 1769 the transit of Venus was successfully observed from three different points. After fulfilling his mission on Tahiti Cook resumed his voyage to fulfil the task given to him secretly by the Royal Society. On 7 September 1769 the Endeavour reached New Zealand, which had never been visited by any European after Abel Janszoon Tasman had discovered it on 13 December 1642. Tasman’s stay at New Zealand was not successful in the means of its discovery. No trading had been done between the native Maori and Tasman’s crew. The first discovery by the Dutch businessmen Tasman was only the western coastline of New Zealand, which had been mapped afterwards. The first seven days of the journal had been taking place at ‘Cannibals Cove’ where the HMS Endeavour anchored for about twenty-three days. James Cook has given the name after he had an encounter with indigenous people, which will be described in the following. During the stay Joseph Banks refers to several encounter with indigenous people of New Zealand. He describes the behaviour and findings in a large extend. As an example he describes the encounter of members of HMS Endeavour’s crew and a double canoe. They have been told that the indigenous people lost a female child that according to their narrative â€Å"had been stole and eat by some of their neighbours†. Another group of crewmembers reported that they have met people who told them that they ate a child the day before. As a result of these stories Banks describes the conclusions of the crew as thefts of this kind are common for those Indians. Afterwards he tries to analyse and evaluate these stories. He assumes that the crewmembers met the same people and interpreted the stories differently which have been told by the indigenous people. Nevertheless he does not exclude this either, since families that came of to the ship â€Å"often brought women and young children in arms as if they were afraid to leave them behind. † Banks’ interest in the indigenous people of New Zealand can also be illustrated by his encounter of an Indian family. He describes them as being affable, obliging and unsuspicious and observed any order or subordination. By making known his regret of not being able to stay with the family for one night his interest in people and their behaviour can be seen. On the following days Banks describes how the exploration of the Cook Straits took place. The officers’ spread their thought that the land they have been round might be an isthmus that is between their current position (Cook Strait) and the Cape Turnagain, which they have last seen 17 October 1969. To confirm this Cook ordered the crew to sail northward until the cape could be seen. Whilst sailing in this direction HMS Endeavour came across indigenous people which in Banks’ journal entries are described as richer and more cleanly than any people they have seen since their stay at the Bay of Islands 3 November 1769. This makes him believe that they might have met subordinates of the Dominions of Teratu. As it turned out they were not this kind of people and thus they had to go on sailing northward looking for a well-known part of New Zealand. On 9 February 1770 an important discovery had been made. Cape Turnagain came back into sight, which proved that the land, they had been visiting, is an island. Besides Banks’ depictions of the exploration of New Zealand and the description of the indigenous people in huge detail he described Albatrosses and other animals to a small extend. His task as botanist plays a minor part during these days. By shooting Albatrosses as often as possible he tries to nourish the crew with fresh meat. The last four days of the journal at hand take place at the east coast of the future southern island of New Zealand. On 16 February 1770 Banks reports the sighting of a new island. This island will be later called â€Å"Banks’s Island† according to the chart of New Zealand based on Cook’s mapping. The fact that this is not an island but rather part of the southern island of New Zealand will be unknown for the rest of the journey. This error happened because Captain John Gore believed that he saw land in south eastward direction. To pursue this Cook decided to follow this direction and validate Gore’s assumption so â€Å"that nobody should say he had left land behind unsought†. On 18 February 1770 Banks states that no land could be found and the voyage will continue in westward direction. In the journals’ last entry Banks describes the discovery of land that might be either part of the New Zealand or the beginning of the southern island, which they have long yearned for. What can be seen in this part of the journal is the personal conflict of Banks. Intelligence obtained by the Indians during their last anchoring stop tells them that this might only be an island, nevertheless Banks does not want to let go of the â€Å"strong hopes that we had at last completed our wishes and that this was absolutely a part of the Southern continent†. The journal at hand includes without limitation information on the discovery of the Cook Strait and exploration of New Zealand. The subsequent days of the journey will clarify if the land they have spotted is either part of the southern continent or an island on its own. Nevertheless an outcome of this journey so far is a detailed map of northern New Zealand and the discovery of the isthmus between the northern island and the southern part. The nature of this journal is a very objective description of the happenings during the voyage.

Role Of Bureau Of Energy Efficiency Construction Essay

Role Of Bureau Of Energy Efficiency Construction Essay The Government of India set up Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) on 1st March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. This will be achieved with active participation of all stakeholders, resulting in accelerated and sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors. Mission: The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of the country. The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the economy.   Objectives: To exert leadership and provide policy  recommendation and direction to national energy conservation and efficiency efforts and programs.   To coordinate energy efficiency and conservation policies and programs and take it to the stakeholders To establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency  results in individual sectors as well as at a macro level. To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of  Energy Conservation Act and efficient use of energy and its conservation programs. To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as mandated in the EC bill through  private-public partnerships. Provide a policy  recommendation and direction to national energy conservation activities Coordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy with shareholders Establish systems and procedures to verify, measure and monitor Energy Efficiency (EE)    improvements Leverage multilateral, bilateral and private sector support to implement the EC Act  2001 Demonstrate EE delivery systems through public-private partnerships The Bureau would obtain inputs and co-opt expertise from private sector, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and technical agencies, both national and international, to achieve these objectives. Energy Conservation Act 2001: Recognizing the fact that efficient use of energy and its conservation is the least-cost option to mitigate the gap between demand and supply, Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and established Bureau of Energy Efficiency . The mission of BEE is to develop policy and strategies with a thrust on self regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the EC Act with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. The EC Act provides for institutionalizing and strengthening delivery mechanism for energy efficiency services in the country and provides the much-needed coordination between the various entities. This act created Bureau Of Energy Efficiency in order to implement the features of the act at central and state level. The salient features of this act are as follows: Reduction of energy consumption using efficiency and conservation measures. Reduce the need to create new capacity, hence saving the resources and green house gases emission. Secure environmental benign and sustainable growth. Stimulate market transformation in favor of energy efficient products and appliances. Energy Consumption Trends: The following graph shows the breakup of energy consumption(%) according to the sectors: This graph shows the energy consumption(%) trend in commercial buildings Total no. of units of energy consumed in commercial buildings are 33 billion units This graph shows the energy comsumtion(%) trend in residential bulidings Total no. of units of energy consumed in residential buildings are 116 billion units. Role of BEE: BEE co-ordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies and other organizations and recognize, identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Energy Conservation Act 2001 provides for regulatory and promotional functions Functions of BEE: The Major Regulatory Functions of BEE include: Develop minimum energy performance standards and labeling design for equipment and appliances Develop specific Energy Conservation Building Codes Activities focusing on designated consumers Develop specific energy consumption norms   Certify Energy Managers and Energy Auditors   Accredit Energy Auditors   Define the manner and periodicity of mandatory energy audits   Develop reporting formats on energy consumption and action taken on the recommendations of the energy auditors   The Major Promotional Functions of BEE include: Create awareness and disseminate information on energy efficiency and conservation   Arrange and organize training of personnel and specialists in the techniques for efficient use of energy and its conservation Strengthen consultancy services in the field of energy conservation   Promote research and development   Develop testing and certification procedures and promote testing facilities Formulate and facilitate implementation of pilot projects and demonstration projects Promote use of energy efficient processes, equipment, devices and systems Take steps to encourage preferential treatment for use of energy efficient equipment or appliances   Promote innovative financing of energy efficiency projects Give financial assistance to institutions for promoting efficient use of energy and its conservation   Prepare educational curriculum on efficient use of energy and its conservation   Implement international co-operation programmes relating to efficient use of energy and its conservation Schemes Under BEE The aim of this institution is to stimulate market transformation and initiate other interventions in favor of Demand Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the country. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has initiated many schemes for improving energy efficiency and many of them are DSM measures also. They are being entertained under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The programmes under BEE are mentioned below: Lighting Demand Side Management Standards Labeling Programme Energy conservation Building code Investment Grade Audits in Buildings Star rating and labeling of buildings Municipal Demand Side Management Agriculture Demand Side Management Lighting Demand Side Management: The large contribution of (domestic, commercial and street) lighting to peak loads makes it attractive for the utility to offer incentives for the adoption of efficient lighting practices by consumers. This would result in reduction of costly peak-load power procurement. This has led some distribution companies to incentivize purchase of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) by the consumers. BEE has initiated Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) Scheme to promote energy efficient lighting in India. Bachat Lamp Yojana is a program by the government of India under this scheme to reduce the cost of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs, i.e., energy saving lights) sold to consumers. Three types of ICL lamp wattages commonly in use viz. 40 W, 60 W and 100 W are likely for replacement under the BLY scheme. The BLY scheme upon implementation would result in reducing an estimated : 6000 MW of electricity generation capacity translating into a potential saving of INR 24000 crores per annum Combined GHG emission savings on replacing an estimated 400 million ICLs with CFLs would result in reducing 20 million tonnes of (CO2) from grid-connected power plants. There are no mandatory requirements in India requiring the use of energy efficient CFL at the household level. Hence, the BEE has prepared a unique project design where three key players the BEE, the investors and the Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) come together and supply the households with CFLs voluntarily. To bridge the cost differential between the market price of the CFLs and the price at which they are distributed to households, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is harnessed. The investor would cover the project cost through the sale of Green house gas (GHG) emission reductions achieved in their respective project areas. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Standards Labeling Programme: The Standards and Labeling programme is a key thrust area of BEE. Central Government, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 has powers to direct display of labels on specified appliances or equipment. The objectives of this program is to provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy saving, and thereby the cost saving potential of the marketed household appliances or other equipment. This is expected to impact the energy savings in the medium and long run while at the same time it will position domestic industry to compete in such markets where norms for energy efficiency are mandatory. The scheme was launched by the Honble Minister of Power on 18 May 2006 and is currently invoked for 10 equipments/appliances, e.g. ACs, Tube lights, Refrigerators, Distribution Transformers, Motors, Geysers, Ceiling fans, Color TVs, Agricultural pump sets and LPG stoves, of which the first 4 are being notified under mandatory labeling from 6th January, 2010. In the future, the scheme will cover several more domestic and industrial equipments and appliances with the objective of conserving the power consumed by these. The programme seeks to: Introduce Notification for mandatory labeling. Have an extensive and sustained outreach and awareness campaign to educate consumers. Include 20 high energy consuming end use equipments and appliances by 2012. Initiate check testing by an Independent Agency (RITES) to ensure credibility of the scheme. Stimulate market transformation in favor of energy efficient equipments and appliances that adhere to Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS). (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Energy Conservation Building Code Energy Efficiency in Existing Building programme: What are ECBC? ECBC set minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction. ECBC encourage energy efficient designs or retrofit of buildings so that it does not constraints the building function, comfort, health productivity of the occupants. Moreover it has appropriate regards for economic considerations. The ECBC provides design norms for: Building envelope, including thermal performance requirements for walls, roofs, and windows; Lighting system, including day lighting, and lamps and luminaries performance requirements; HVAC system, including energy performance of chillers and air distribution systems; Electrical system; and Water heating and pumping systems, including requirements for solar hot-water systems. The code provides three options for compliance Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system; Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems; and Building-level performance compliance. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Investment Grade Audits in Buildings: Energy audit studies in buildings have shown large potential for energy savings both in government and commercial office buildings. Study of the available data has shown that there is an urgent need for improved energy efficiency of buildings. BEE is promoting the implementation of energy efficiency measures in existing buildings through Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) which provide an innovative business model through which the energy-savings potential in existing buildings can be captured and the risks faced by building owners can also be addressed. The performance-contract based payments for energy savings achieved through the interventions carried out by the ESCO ensure that savings are achieved and that the payments by the building owners to the ESCO are related to the achievement of these savings. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Star Rating and Labeling of Buildings: The Star Rating Program for buildings would create a demand in the market for energy efficient buildings based on actual performance of the building in terms of specific energy usage. This programme would rate office buildings on a 1-5 Star scale with 5 Star labeled buildings being the most efficient. Five categories of buildings office buildings, hotels, hospitals, retail malls, and IT Parks in five climate zones in the country have been identified for this programme. Initially, the programme targets the following 3 climatic zones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned office buildings: Warm and Humid Composite Hot and Dry It will be subsequently extended to other climatic zones. To apply for rating of office buildings, a standardized format is developed for collection of actual energy consumption: data required includes buildings built up area, conditioned and non-conditioned area, type of building, hours of operation of the building in a day, climatic zone in which building is located, and other related information of the facility. The Technical Committee constituted for Energy Base lining and benchmarking of commercial buildings chaired by Director General, Bureau of Energy Efficiency shall be the technical committee for the scheme. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Municipal Demand Side Management: The global trend towards increased urbanization requires municipal bodies to provide services such as streetlights, solid waste management, sewage treatment disposal, etc. All these activities consume significant amount of electricity, usually in an inefficient manner. The cost of energy sometimes constitutes more than 50% of the municipalitys budget and implementing efficiency measures could reduce it by at least 25%. There is a potential to save around 10 billion rupees by implementing energy efficiency measures. Almost all municipal bodies depend on government support to meet their development and operating expenses. Government of India, through the Bureau of Energy Efficiency has initiated a programme to cover 175 municipalities in the country by conducting investment grade energy audits and preparation of detailed project reports. Energy Service Companies are being encouraged to take up the implementation of the programme with the help of financial institutions. Utilities must encourage implementation of DSM measures to relieve their network of such inefficient load. (Source: http://www.bee-dsm.in) Agriculture Demand Side Management: Agriculture accounts for about 27% of electricity consumption in the country, which is increasing due to rural electrification efforts of the Government. The electricity is largely used in agricultural pump sets which generally have very poor efficiency. Most of the pilot projects as well as other studies project potential of 45-50% by mere replacement of inefficient pumps. Overall electricity savings (from 20 million pumps) is estimated at 62.1 billion units annually. This is estimated to translate in to the yearly savings of 18000 crores, which reduce the subsidy burden of states with that same amount. Since agricultural tariffs are usually the lowest and also highly subsidized, there is no incentive to the agricultural consumer to improve efficiency of the pump set. However, utilities are not able to recover economic price on every unit of energy sold to these categories of consumers and therefore need to aggressively target these consumers for DSM measures. BEE has prepared an Ag ricultural DSM (Ag. DSM) programme in which pump set efficiency upgradation could be carried out by an Energy Service Company (ESCOs) or the distribution company. The Ag-DSM programme for preparation of DPRs has already been initiated by BEE as pilot projects in 5 states, viz, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab Rajasthan. One DPR in Solapur dist of Maharashtra is ready for implementation purpose. The result of the study is encouraging with the saving potential of 40% by replacement of inefficient pumps with Star rated pump sets. BEE is also developing a methodology for CDM in Ag-DSM project so that it becomes more attractive. The implementation for replacement of inefficient pumps with Star rated pump sets will be done through the ESCO/Utility who would invest in energy efficiency measures on a rural pump set feeder on which supply quality enhancements (such as feeder segregation High Voltage Direct Supply [HVDS]) have already been carried out. The intervention would lead to lo wer energy supply on the feeder, and hence, could result in lower subsidy to be paid by the State Government. Part of the savings in the subsidy would be paid to the ESCO/Utility on an annual basis, over a period of time, to pay for their investment in pump set upgradation. To ring-fence the payment security mechanism, a large Financial Institutions may be brought in to provide loan to the project as well as adequate payment security mechanism to the investors. Utilities can play the important role of Monitoring and Verification. Government, through BEE is providing resources to create a shelf of bankable DPRs in the agriculture sector to mainstream the scheme. The European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) is the European Commissions advisory body on internal EU energy market issues. It was set up on 11 November 2003 by a European Commission. ERGEG is charged with advising and assisting the European Commission in ensuring the creation and smooth functioning of the internal energy market in Europe. In 2007, the European Unions leaders pledged their agreement to energy-climate objectives known as 20-20-20 i.e. a binding 20% renewable energy target by the year 2020, reducing Europes CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 (and by 30% if there is an international agreement), and increasing overall energy efficiency by 20% by 2020. In January 2008 the European Commission published its Climate Change and Energy Package, designed to meet these objectives.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

A Comparison between My Life and My Mothers Life Essay examples -- co

My Life and My Mother's Life My life compared to my mother's life is in many ways very different and in other ways a lot alike. The differences are there mostly because I was born into a different era. In 1928, my mother's life started out during the end of the Roaring 20's. It was a time of change in America. People were shocked at the short skirts, the drinking and smoking that the young women were participating in then. As the economy came to a crashing halt with the disastrous collapse of the stock market in October of 1929, so did many of the free and "high filutin" attitudes of the 20's. With the 1930's came The Great Depression followed soon after with the election of Franklin Deleno Roosevelt as U.S. President. His administration was responsible for many reform programs designed to help Americans get back on their feet again. President Roosevelt called it the "New Deal". As part of the New Deal, a program called the WPA was created. When I asked my mother what that stood for she replied "I can't remember the real name, we called it "We Poke Along". In my research, I uncovered the real name - Works Progress Administration. It was created in 1935 to combat unemployment at a time when it was at an all time high of 25%. The WPA employed 9 million people in various public works projects between l935 and 1943 of which my grandfather was one. They built roads, schools, dams, etc., which did a lot to improve their communities in those days; in addition, it provided a means to put food back on the table. My mother remembers little from these early days except th at there was not a lot to eat then, potato soup and beans being the constant staple. She and others who survived The Great Depression wanted t... ...ied 52 years now which in its' self says so much for her commitment and dedication. When I asked her what was the secret for a strong marriage she replied, "Never take each other for granted, get fixed up every morning. Try to make the home into a palace, cook good meals, tell each other 'I love you' often and be near him as much as you possibly can be, she said. Then added, "children add a lot to a marriage." Through her life alone, she has taught her children moral values that will be passed down for generations to come. With the faith and courage she has instilled in me, I was able to pull myself up and out of some bad situations where otherwise I would have been lost. I can truthfully say she is indeed my very best friend. Her strength and love for her family have never wavered, and our respect and love for her will always be a testament to her life.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Markets - why they fail Essay -- Economics

Markets - why they fail * Allocative efficiency occurs when resources are distributed in such a way that no consumers could be made better off without other consumers becoming worse off. * Dynamic efficiency occurs when resources are allocated efficiently over time. * Productive efficiency is achieved when production is achieved at lowest cost. * Technical efficiency is achieved when a given quantity of output is produced with a minimum number of inputs. Consumer and Producer Surplus ============================= Text Box: A perfectly competitive market consists of: Many firms in the industry- therefore firms cannot manipulate the prices. Low barriers to entry and exit- if profits are achievable new firms can enter the market at little cost. Homogenous products- no branding allows new entrants to win customers fairly. Perfect knowledge- consumers and producers know everything about market ´s prices and products. In a perfectly competitive market: There is productive efficiency- because costs must be kept at a minimum to break even. There is allocative efficiency- producers will produce no more or less than consumers demand at a given price. There is NOT dynamic efficiency-as there is perfect knowledge, there is no incentive for R&D. Types of Market Failure ======================= 1. Monopoly Power ================= * A monopoly exists of there is only one firm or supplier in the economy * A firm holds a monopoly share if it holds a market share that exceeds 25%. Why monopoly power market failure exists ---------------------------------------- Firms gain monopoly powers in the long run because of barriers to entry to the industry, preventing other firms entering th... ...more serious market failures. E.g Common Agricultural Policy dumping excess supply of food caused by minimum pricing on world market, thus crashing world prices. Therefore farmers outside EU experience lower incomes. Public choice theory - The government may not make decisions to maximise economic welfare but will instead make decisions on spending and taxation that will favour consumers, who are voters. Local interests (Textile plant in constituency, tax on imports) Favouring minorities (middle class voters more likely to vote than working class) Conflicting Personal Interests (corruption) Short-termism (do what is best on the short term but ignore the long term consequences because there is re-election every 5 years) Regulatory Capture - Groups such as monopolies can strongly influence the way they are being regulated to their own advantage Markets - why they fail Essay -- Economics Markets - why they fail * Allocative efficiency occurs when resources are distributed in such a way that no consumers could be made better off without other consumers becoming worse off. * Dynamic efficiency occurs when resources are allocated efficiently over time. * Productive efficiency is achieved when production is achieved at lowest cost. * Technical efficiency is achieved when a given quantity of output is produced with a minimum number of inputs. Consumer and Producer Surplus ============================= Text Box: A perfectly competitive market consists of: Many firms in the industry- therefore firms cannot manipulate the prices. Low barriers to entry and exit- if profits are achievable new firms can enter the market at little cost. Homogenous products- no branding allows new entrants to win customers fairly. Perfect knowledge- consumers and producers know everything about market ´s prices and products. In a perfectly competitive market: There is productive efficiency- because costs must be kept at a minimum to break even. There is allocative efficiency- producers will produce no more or less than consumers demand at a given price. There is NOT dynamic efficiency-as there is perfect knowledge, there is no incentive for R&D. Types of Market Failure ======================= 1. Monopoly Power ================= * A monopoly exists of there is only one firm or supplier in the economy * A firm holds a monopoly share if it holds a market share that exceeds 25%. Why monopoly power market failure exists ---------------------------------------- Firms gain monopoly powers in the long run because of barriers to entry to the industry, preventing other firms entering th... ...more serious market failures. E.g Common Agricultural Policy dumping excess supply of food caused by minimum pricing on world market, thus crashing world prices. Therefore farmers outside EU experience lower incomes. Public choice theory - The government may not make decisions to maximise economic welfare but will instead make decisions on spending and taxation that will favour consumers, who are voters. Local interests (Textile plant in constituency, tax on imports) Favouring minorities (middle class voters more likely to vote than working class) Conflicting Personal Interests (corruption) Short-termism (do what is best on the short term but ignore the long term consequences because there is re-election every 5 years) Regulatory Capture - Groups such as monopolies can strongly influence the way they are being regulated to their own advantage

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Relationships Between Vietnam Soldiers and Their Families :: Vietnam War Essays

The relationship between the soldiers of the Vietnam War was different from the relationships with people from home. The soldiers felt as if they could not tell the whole truth about the war through their eyes to their loved ones at home. The soldiers that they were with all the time understood the pain and confusion each other felt, yet no one talked about it. War changed how people had relationships with others. War could bring people closer or tear them apart. The relationships between the soldiers and their families grew or forced them to become distant. The soldier did not want to worry his parents at home and knew that they would not understand what he was going through. In the Documentary Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam, directed by Bill Couturie, showed these relationships change. One soldier writes to his mother and tells her that for a second, he felt as if he was on vacation because it was so beautiful in Vietnam. One had to think that this man wrote this to his mother only for her to worry less. He did not want to tell her the whole truth on what was really going on inside of him. Would anyone from the outside world understand? "P.S. tell mom not to worry, there is nothing I can't handle." The soldiers could handle the physical horrors that were happening to them, but the mental status of many the soldiers were becoming breakable. How could you tell someone not to worry about you, when you do not even care what was going t o happen to yourself. The soldiers were all prepared to die, but waiting was what was driving them crazy. They did not want to tell their 17-year-old girlfriend at home this because she would never understand. How do you tell someone that you love that you are loosing your mind and do even know who the enemy is anymore? Downplaying the whole war situation to your loved one was the only way to keep yourself sane and not make them worry too much about you. All of the men were scared, yet did not know how to show it. They could not show it to their families in letters because that could do nothing but make your mother worry that you were not going to make it. "We all scared, one can see this emotion in each individual, some hide it with their mouth and others hide it with their actions.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Comparing Microsoft Windows NT and Unix

The decision to utilize Microsoft Windows NT Server or one of the many Unix operating systems is the concern of many IS managers around the world today. Unix is not a single operating system; it refers to a family of operating systems which includes AIX, BSDI, Digital UNIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Pyramid, SCO, Solaris, SunOS, just to name a few. Microsoft Windows NT has a well-known reputation. But these managers have to consider whether or not choosing a Microsoft product can increase the company's profits. The cost of the network operating system (NOS) will be the ultimate factor in their decision. It is not just the initial cost of the hardware however, but rather many other factors will need to be considered to insure that further maintenance costs are not overwhelming. For instance, software licenses will need to be procured. Technical support agreements will need to be assessed. The costs of upgrades/service packs, hardware upgrades will need to be weighed for both types of systems. Determining which system has a greater occurrence of glitches can be a factor in estimating lost profits for every hour of downtime. If the company should experience a glitch, how substantial will personnel costs for recovering/recreating data be? Knowledgeable systems administrators will need to be employed to maintain the system. This task is not to be taken lightly as these are only some of the situations to be considered prior to making a decision on which NOS to purchase. Since accruing costs is a primary concern for managers, the conditions previously discussed give an indication that a combination of server hardware and operating systems seems to be the most cost-effective option for long term use. Unix is a fully developed, group of operating systems known for its performance, reliability, and security in a server environment. On the other hand, Windows NT Server has the advantage of Windows 95's popularity. This desktop operating system is already being used in homes and offices everywhere. Before making the operating system decision a manager should consider visiting the local library to research the particular subject. It will be difficult to find current unbiased literature. But a determined manager or QM student should be able to separate the important information from personal preferences. Most of the older books are concerned with theory using Unix as a guide. For current information, periodicals are the best source. But as stated earlier, much of it is very biased one way or the other. The preferences are split down the middle with half of the professionals supporting Unix or a Unix variant and the other half supporting Microsoft products. Operating systems (OS) were originally developed as a large set of instructions for large mainframe computers in order to control the hardware resources of the mainframe. Thereafter, they have been developed to run on smaller and smaller computers, first mini computers then on the new personal computers (PC). But, the main job of the OS was the same, a layer between the hardware and the user. The main reason for having an OS is for the application programmers to have a common base upon which to run their applications, no matter what hardware is being used. One important function of the OS is to perform file management. This allows applications to read or write to disk, regardless of the hardware being used or how it is stored. Without this feature programmers would have to write new programs for every different type of hardware and every different type of hardware configuration. However, Microsoft Windows is the dominant PC OS, so most of the applications written today are written for the Windows environment. When businesses initially began to use desktop PCs in the 1980†³s, there was no connection between PCs and mainframes or between the PCs themselves. The PC was normally used for word processing, spreadsheets, etc. Soon users wanted to more efficiently share resources than disk swapping allowed. A solution emerged, networking, and to control these resources, network operating systems (NOS) were developed. At first NOSs allowed the most basic of functions like sharing printers and files. Soon the NOSs role expanded greatly to management of the resources in the local network, and to link up with other local area networks (LAN), therefore creating wide area networks (WAN). NOS's controlled the network through a server. The server only controlled the resources directly linked to it and the PCs used a second OS that controlled their specific hardware. Peer-to-peer networks later developed. While using a peer-to-peer LAN there was no need for a dedicated server, which was great for small businesses with few users. But with many users and large amounts of data, a greater need surfaced for a dedicated server. Managers without knowledge or experience with systems and network administration find it difficult to choose a server platform. This report will attempt to compare and contrast Microsoft Windows NT Server and Unix, a mixture of commercial and non-commercial operating systems originating from the same source so they share many similarities. The main focus of the paper is to assist managers in choosing a network operating system using quantitative methods. The issues of comparison discussed are in the areas of product costs and licensing, functionality, reliability, and performance. These are presented to provide a more complete view of these products. Most managers will agree that the mere cost of an operating system is trivial when evaluating the big picture. Although Windows NT Server 4.0 can be expensive, a Unix variant can be bought for a minor dollar amount. In order to match the functionality of a BSDI (a variant of Unix) installation, additional Microsoft products and third party solutions would bring the final price of a comparable NT solution within a reasonable cost. What can you expect from Windows NT Server and from Unix immediately after acquiring the systems? NT and Unix can both communicate with many different types of computers. Both Unix and NT can secure sensitive data and keep unauthorized users off the network. Essentially, both operating systems meet the minimum requirements for operating systems functioning in a networked environment. As computers become more and more utilized in our world today, reliability is the more significant feature, even more important than speed. Although performance is largely a function of hardware platform, it is in the area of reliability that the choice of operating systems has the most influence. An operating system may offer more functionality. Also, it may be more scalable. To add to that it may even offer greater ease of system management. But if you are constantly being challenged with glitches in the system and are unable to even get any use out of the system because it is always down, what good are these advantages? Processing power is largely a function of computer hardware rather than of the operating system. Since most commercial Unix operating systems run only on high-end workstations or servers, Unix has historically been considered an operating system for high-end hardware. To say that Unix outperforms NT based on the results of differing hardware would be unfair to Microsoft. One should compare NT Server's performance to that of Linux or FreeBSD, since all three operating systems run on the same hardware which is Intel, the hardware-type most often used with NT. A truly unbiased comparison of performance would have to be based on benchmarks, but these are few and usually only focus on specific areas like web performance. There are some specific issues that affect performance. Unix does not require a graphical user interface to function while NT does. Graphics require incredible amounts of disk space and memory, the same holds true for sound files. This report provides assistance to managers in selecting a NOS to implement. Comparison points have been presented which are factors in the decision making process. These decision factors have become apparent through research and experience. Each specific decision factor is weighted on its significance concerning the network operating system. Listed below is the comparison of the factors between Unix and NT. *The training factors are based on amount of training required, less training is rated as more desirable. Using quantitative methods with the numbers in figure 1 the following scenario has been developed. A manager is interested in purchasing a NOS for his company. He would benefit by first evaluating the items on this list, rating each factor from one to ten, the most desirable being ten. An example is given below.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Autonomy- the Right of a Client to Self Determination

Consider the six major ethical principles of autonomy, veracity, confidentiality, nonmalfeasance, beneficence, and justice. Think back over your many years of educational experiences. Provide examples from your past (either recent or distant—your choice) that illustrate the importance of these 6 major ethical principles. The experiences you recount may have happened to you personally, you may have witnessed them, or you may have read about or heard about them from others. Any of these types of examples are fine to use in your journal entry.The most important point is that you choose examples that made a lasting impression and influenced your feelings and perceptions related to education (either positive or negative—your choice). Write a conversational paragraph for each of the six principles, including your illustrative example and then brief discussion related to how the example shaped what you know and feel about the educational process. Autonomy- the right of a clien t to self determination In the ER where I currently work, I am usually not privy to the conversations between the physician and the patient.I am usually providing care to another patient. I receive the orders for pain medication and then proceed to the room to administer the medication. I feel it is my duty, as a nurse, to educate the patient regarding their right to refuse the medication the physician ordered. I empower them with education regarding the effects and side-effects and allow them to refuse the medication if they desire. I educate them to the importance of knowing as much information regarding their own healthcare as possible and allow them the choice to accept or refuse the offered medications.I feel strongly about this aspect of care in the ER. I do not feel the patient should blindly accept medications simply because it was prescribed by a physician. Veracity- truth telling; the honesty by a professional in providing full disclosure to a client of the risks and benef its of any invasive medical procedure. Often times children are fearful of nurses and the procedures they endure in the ER. They often cry as soon as we walk into their room. I feel it is a disservice to these tiny people to lie to them about the medicine they will take or the IV that may need to be started.Even though they are minors and veracity might not be a law that applies to them, I feel they will be more trusting of me and of future nurses if they are told that an IV actually will hurt, but just for a moment, rather than surprising them with a painful procedure when they are trusting you that it will not hurt. Lying to patients is wrong on an ethical level and it also put nurses in an untrusting light. We should always be forthright with every patient, even if they are young or old. Simply procedures may hurt different people on different levels but everyone deserves to know if they are going to be uncomfortable or not.Confidentiality- a binding social contract or covenant t o protect another’s privacy; a professional obligation to respect privileged information between health professional and client. Confidentiality is inherent in the field of medicine and nursing and many professional are accustomed to this ethical principal. HIPPA has been drilled into the nurses’ head and the associated fines for violating this law. The aspect that I feel strongly about regarding confidentiality is when my patient in the ER has ingested or used an illegal substance or a narcotic that is altering their care.If the patient believes we will keep their medical information confidential then they are more likely to reveal the drugs they have used so we can better treat them. I remember years ago when I was working as an EMT in the ER and a young man, in his 20’s, came in with chest pain. The EKG showed an acute MI. The patient has no risk factors and it was amazing to everyone that the EKG was showing this at this early hour while he was on his way to work. In the end, after going to the cath lab and having an angiocath inserted in his groin and not heart disease was discovered did he reveal that he had used cocaine.If this patient had been informed that his information would be confidential, and had HIPPA been in place, he might have felt more comfortable revealing this information and avoiding this unnecessary procedure. I assure my clients that no police will ever be notified and that legally their information is protected so they may feel more at ease in revealing the drugs they have taken so we can treat them properly. Nonmalfeasance- the principal of doing no harm. Nonmalfeasance encompasses negligence and/or malpractice (Bastable, 2008). Malpractice can encompass failure to follow standards, communication, ocumentation, monitoring, acting as an advocate, and delegating. The first few hours and days after delivery of a preterm infant are critical times when head bleeds may occur. Simply lifting the legs while changing the diaper can result in a head bleed. Having this understanding and not rushing through cares is critical as a NICU nurse. There are serious developmental problems that may occur with third and fourth degree bleeds and the long term sequelae are daunting. As a nurse at the bedside with these neonates and communicating with the parents, we should always hold in mind the ethical principle of beneficence.It may be very easy to transgress in these areas of the nurse is not attentive and diligent in their work. Being a nurse means stepping outside of our feelings and judgments and treating others, â€Å"attentively and vigilantly so as to avoid mistakes (Tong, 2007, p. 25). Beneficence- the principle of doing good; acting in the best interest of a client through adherence to professional performance standards and procedural protocols. Beneficence encompasses patient welfare but not necessarily to the well being of the healthcare provider (p. 34). I feel an example of this is lifting and mo ving of heavy patients.It is my duty to assist them to a position they request or to find a more comfortable position if they state they are uncomfortable or if I am aware that their position my cause skin breakdown or harm but not to the detriment of my own body. Nursing injuries are preventable and hospitals have a duty to provide equipment to ensure their nurses do not get injured. There are hoists, slide boards, and even extra man power available to ensure the nurse does not get injured lifting an increasingly obese population. Protocols for lifting ensure the patient is not harmed if the nurse falls while helping them also.I often ask for more assistance in moving patients from chairs to beds and I also enlist the help of the patient if they can assist me with their position chance. Justice- equal distribution of goods, services, and burdens regardless of client diagnosis, culture, national origin, religious orientation, and sexual preference. there may be times when a patient is deemed unworthy by the nurse and he/she may feel that the patient doesn’t deserve to be treated the same as other patients. One example that comes to mind is occurring this week. The shooter of the 6 officers wounded last week is alive and in hospital right now, receiving care for a gunshot wound he suffered. As his nurse, I might need an extra few minutes each day to reassess why I am a nurse and the duties I must conform to before entering his room. The prisoner deserves the exact same treatment as the officers, yet he will be facing the death penalty once the court proceedings start. The same is true of the high profile mental health patients at the Utah State Hospital. They all deserve the same treatment as any other individual, yet they have done such tremendous harm to others.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Latin American Literature Essay

It should be noted that Latin American Literature of the 20th century demonstrates perfect connection between the generations: the Ancient and the Modern. The most noticeable literary figures use the rich history, mythology and spiritual bound between the generations in order to demonstrate strong connection of their nation with the events and people who lived in the Ancient times and differed a lot from the present day realities. Many authors want to reveal that the spirit of the Ancient tribes living on the territory of contemporary Latin America is the most valuable heritage of contemporary people, connecting them with the past. It goes without saying that literary creations of the outstanding authors, living in the Latin American region, reflect the intentions to show deep connection of the different nations with their Ancient past, celebrating the unity of Ancient and Modern traditions within the nations of independent Latin American Countries. It is essential that the question of the Ancient heritage in Latin America is among the quite acute. That is why it is not surprising that it has found reflection in the outstanding 20th century novels, which take a significant place in Latin American Literary Heritage. They are The Storyteller by Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, written in 1987 and Where the Air is Clear by outstanding Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes, released in far 1958. Despite the significant difference in genre and plot structure these novels are united under the one theme. They reveal the close connection of the modern Latin American society with the past. The core idea of this research is to reveal this connection between the ancient and the modern within the pages of these books. Where the Air is Clear by Carlos Fuentes and close connection of the Modern world to the Ancient heritage. Where the Air Is Clear is the first novel, written by Carlos Fuentes and from the very beginning the author raised quite burning questions and important themes. One novel’s heroes, Ixca Cienfuegos, plays quite a significant cultural role in the novel, which is written in the form of character sketches collection in the Mexico City. Ixca Cienfuegos is connecting all separate parts within the pages of a book. Masterful combination of different techniques let the author represent the dynamical development of Mexico after the revolution at the time period of nearly a decade, 1940s and 1950s. It should be noted that the key figures of the novel is Mexico City itself and the author reveals cultural peculiarities describing the life of the city. The author takes the reader into the fascinating trip around the streets of Mexico City, dealing with some pages of its history. The novel could not be regarded as the typical analysis of the city dwellers; the author masterfully notes all the drawbacks incisively describing Mexico City inhabitants. He shows Federico Robles, who is a banker; Norma Robles, a social climber; Ovando family, who was rich before the revolution, but lost everything after; Rodrigo Polo, Mexican writer, who suffered during the revolution as his father was executed, Amerindian Gladys, who sells her body and certainly Ixca Cienfuegos, who is real critic and observer of the whole system. Carlos Fuentes, as a representative of Magic realism, could not avoid showing the reader the question of solitude and identity of Mexico, its loss in the labyrinth, understanding that there in no other country in Latin America, which obsessively seeks for it personal identity, returning again to its history and moving ahead. The country feels itself lost between the motherland (with all its cultural traditions and peculiarities) and the adopted land. With the help of different literary elements such as disjointed writing style, flashback, the stream of consciousness, non-chronological recount of events and alternation of narration forms, the author masterfully performs the surreal atmosphere of the constant search, which is one f the main themes of the novel. To find the correlation between the present and the past is very difficult for the main heroes of the novel and each of them touches the question of identity. It should be noted that the most surreal element of the novel is Mexico City, which is depicted as one of the core figures of the novel; this makes Where the Air is Clear outstanding from the other novels dealing with the question of national identity. The book itself essentially represents the quest for national identity in Mexico in the post – revolutionary times. Placing Mexico City as a central Figure, Carlos Fuentes shift the role of all the human characters to the background due to the fact that their lives and past experience correlate with the primary intention of definition the culture and history of the country. The question if perfectly revealed through the confrontation of the present day reality with its past, and the reader understand that this conflict has been lasting for already many years. The following quote perfectly illustrates the confrontation: â€Å"But does such a thing as ‘original’ blood exist? No: every pure element grows and is consumed in its own purity, does not develop; the original is the impure, the mixed, the mulatto and the mestizo, as I am, as all of Mexico is. Which is to say, originality supposes a mixing, a creation, not a purity previous to our experience. Rather than born original, we come to be original; origin is creation. Mexico must find her origin by looking ahead, not behind† (Carlos Fuentes, 1958, p. 44). The present day reality of the country could hardly correlate to the past of the Aztec Empire, its beliefs, hopes and cultural peculiarities. But the author makes a stress not on the confrontation and conflict; he tries to reveal that the Mexican identity and cultural peculiarity is the mixture of two different, even opposite cultures. The European Tradition and the Indian tradition; the history of Mexico, unites people of different origins, race and thought and every hero of the novel proves that, as every character is a certain emblem of different Mexican aspects, and if we integrate the histories of the heroes, we could reveal that it is the actual Mexican identity, in the unique integration of many different cultures. The story that seemed to be a disconnected is a surrealist approach of the Author, who makes a stress on the division of Mexico and its unwillingness to perceive itself as interracial community. Such surrealist technique of writing let Carlos Fuentes to show the reader his personal and vividly portrayal vision of Mexico: a confronting country with unclear identity It goes without saying that sharp division between the social classes in the 1950-s Mexico adds a lot in the constant quest for the national identity. If we look back in the history of Mexico, the Aztecs were on the top of social ranking, under the time of Aztec empire everything was subjected to their will; the situation in Where the Air Is Clear is quite opposite the indigenous Indians are on the lowest place in the Mexican society (good illustration is prostitute Gladys). Another conflict is also observed. The new and the past governing classes also involved in the confrontation. The impoverished Ovando family is contrasted to Nora Robles, the contemporary representative of the upper Mexican Classes. One of the most powerful scenes is her meeting with Lorenza de Ovando, bitter aristocratic matriarch. Here we could observe allusion on the Modern Mexico and the Past one. The country, which rejects her Aztec past, its Gods, myths and cultural traditions The Storyteller Mario Vargas Llosa, and close connection of the Modern world to the Ancient heritage. Mario Vargas Llosa tells us a story of two college friends: the anonymous narrator (some critics consider that the author introduced himself) and his friend, Saul Zurantas, a Peruvian Jew. They both very interesting time at college, studying ethnography, they had a number of philosophical disputes. As it usually happens the friendship was erased after graduation. The narrator was intended to find a scholarship and continue his studies abroad and his friend was seen at college seldom and finally disappeared. It was told that he either immigrated to Israel or lost somewhere in the jungle in the east of Peru within the Machiguenga people. The narrator graduated and started his career as a member of the field theme from the Institute of linguistics and further he became television documentaries producer. During this time he did not stop attempts to contact his lost friend Saul, intended to learn more about the cultural peculiarities of Machiguenga tribes, but unfortunately he failed. Only in the very beginning appears a haunting image, which narrator had at a Florentine Art Gallery. He recognized Saul Zurantas as the Machiguengas tribal storyteller on the photographs. The book unites and compares the chapters told by the narrator and the ones telling the reader of the Peruvian Indian Mythology. It makes the reading rich on the contrast. One chapter describes the discussion between Saul Zurantas and the narrator what impact provided the missionaries alongside with the business interest from the west on the unique nature of the Machiguenga tribes and culture. This chapter is prolonged with the national folklore telling about the spirit world, the animals and elements. It would be hard to reveal whether it is the voice of Saul Zurantas or the Machiguenga storyteller tells about mystical connection between the nature and the people. These two viewpoints thought provoking dialogues contrasted to the national tales is revealing the importance of keeping the unique cultures that are under the threat of westernization and loss of their identity. Saul Zurantas, of Jewish origin understands this more than the local Peruvians, that is why he is the storyteller, the one who keeps the connection between the generations, collecting the story of the legendary past. The book is not an easy to read as it has deep philosophical background. It provided a number of burning questions such as the investigation of the other cultures by the anthropologists and how these people, living outside of the civilized world could fit to the major society. The whole question civilization is raised within the pages of the book, the question of the lost heritage, where social anthropologist Saul Zurantas took the place of the story teller, to preserve unique Machiguenga culture, which is located in the depth of the rainforests of the Amazon River. â€Å"Who is purer or happier because he’s renounced his destiny†Ã¢â‚¬  The storyteller asked when he walked in the jungle with the Machiguengatribes, who should constantly roam to keep their obligation to the gods and keep save the Earth and the Sky and the Stars. â€Å"Nobody,† the storyteller replied. â€Å"We’d best be what we are. The one who gives up fulfilling his own obligation so as to fulfill that of another will lose his soul† (Mario Vargas Llosa, 1987). It is deeply spiritual novel, which deals about strong connection between the people of different times. The author tells us that the old tales could not leave anyone indifferent, as they are the part of the history and the part of the culture. Conclusion In the end I would like to make a stress on the fact that both authors reveal strong importance of the past for the present day world. It is important to keep the connection between the generations, to preserve cultural identity and the past could not be neither changes nor forgotten, as national identity of the country strongly deals with the question of the cultural heritage of the previous cultures. The Ancient Maya Tribes and Ancient Aztec have left rich cultural heritage for the Mexicans and the Peruvians and present day people should care and protect this heritage, understanding that the role of the Ancient in our present day Modern is really significant. References Fuentes, Carlos. Where the Air Is Clear. Dalkey Archive Press: orig. 1958; 2004 Llosa, Mario Vargas. The Storyteller. Picador: orig. 1987; 2001 Taube. Karl. Aztec and Maya Myths. Austin: University of Texas,1993 Gerald, Martin. Journeys through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction of the Twentieth Century. Verso: 1989